Microsoft SQL Server on SUSE Linux Enterprise Server #
1 Motivation #
1.1 Background #
Since Microsoft released SQL Server for Linux in 2017 [1], the feature gap [2] for SQL Server between Windows and Linux has been closing quickly with each update. Aside from some niche features [3], it’s now extremely viable to consider running SQL Server workloads on Linux, with the 2019 release [4].
1.2 Audience #
This guide is intended for SQL Server DBAs, Developers, and DevOps/SRE engineers who are familiar with SQL Server on Windows and are looking to migrate to Linux. Operators who are adding a SQL Server requirement into a primarily Linux environment may prefer tools that run only on Linux servers for consistency and simplicity. Another reason may be lower negotiated pricing for Linux subscriptions to replace existing SQL Servers on Windows machines.
1.3 Scope #
The guide covers a basic installation of SQL Server on SUSE Linux Enterprise Server. It is meant to be agnostic of underlying infrastructure excepting the nuance of registering your server discussed in Section 2.2, “Server registration”.
2 Installation #
2.1 System requirements #
2 GHz CPU with 2 cores
AMD64/Intel 64 architecture
XFS or Ext4 file system
6 GB disk space (not including data)
2.2 Server registration #
To gain access to SUSE repositories, you first need to register your server with SUSEConnect
. If you are launching an On-Demand (or Pay-As-You-Go)
instance and not a BYOS (Bring Your Own Subscription) instance at a public cloud provider, skip this step.
sudo SUSEConnect --regcode ${REGISTRATION_CODE} --email ${EMAIL_ADDRESS}
Alternatively, if you have a
SUSE SMT (Subscription Management Tool)
or SUSE RMT (Repository Mirroring Tool)
or SUSE Manager
server you want to use, use the --url
option instead.
sudo SUSEConnect --url ${REGISTRATION_SERVER_URL}
More information about registering can be found in the SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 12 SP5 Deployment Guide.
2.3 Repositories #
To verify packages from Microsoft’s SQL Server repositories, first add their package signing key:
sudo rpm --import https://packages.microsoft.com/keys/microsoft.asc
Then add the repository. The refresh
option enables auto refresh of the repository and the check
option validates the URL:
sudo zypper addrepo --refresh --check https://packages.microsoft.com/config/sles/12/mssql-server-2019.repo
2.4 Package #
To install the SQL Server package non-interactively, run the following command:
sudo zypper install --no-confirm mssql-server
3 Configuration #
3.1 Initial configuration #
To configure and start SQL Server, mssql-conf
can be used to accept the EULA, set the SQL Server Edition, and the SA password.
For convenience, you can add the configuration to your PATH
to avoid typing the full path each time:
echo 'export PATH="$PATH:/opt/mssql/bin"' >> ~/.bashrc
source ~/.bashrc
Then, to configure and start msql-server
(mssql-conf
starts the msql-server
immediately after configuring),
run the following command:
sudo ACCEPT_EULA='Y' MSSQL_SA_PASSWORD=Suselove12 MSSQL_PID='Developer' mssql-conf --noprompt setup
ACCEPT_EULA
accepts the SQL Server EULAMSQL_SA_PASSWORD
sets the SA user password. Ensure password requirements as outlined in Section 7.1, “SQL Server password requirements” are followed.MSQL_PID
sets the SQL Server edition, acceptable values are:Evaluation
Developer
Express
Web
Standard
Enterprise
Product key formatted as #####-#####-#####-#####-#####
The
noprompt
option configures SQL Server non-interactively
It is recommended to change the SA password later with mssql-conf set-sa-password
or disable the history prior to configuring SQL Server with set +o history
, and re-enabling it afterward with set -o history
(Bash).
SQL Server should be started at this point. You can verify this with netcat
.
SQL Server listens for connections on port 1433
by default:
sudo zypper install --no-confirm netcat
nc -vz localhost 1433
For further configuration, use mssql-conf
to set additional parameters. Changes will take effect after a restart:
sudo mssql-conf set ${parameter}
sudo systemctl restart mssql-server
Available mssql-conf
options are described in Configure SQL Server on Linux with the mssql-conf tool.
An alternative way to configure SQL Server is using the /var/opt/mssql/mssql.conf
file.
Settings are stored in the INI format.
A sample mssql.conf
file is shown below. Edit the mssql.conf
file and restart mssql-server
to apply changes.
[EULA]
accepteula = Y
[filelocation]
defaultdatadir = /var/opt/mssql/data/
defaultdumpdir = /var/opt/mssql/data/
defaultlogdir = /var/opt/mssql/data/
[network]
tcpport = 1433
[sqlagent]
enabled = true
4 Tools #
Now that SQL Server is running, you can query it. The mssql-tools
package includes sqlcmd
, which is a shell to query SQL Server.
Install it similarly to the mssql-server
package.
Add the repository:
sudo zypper addrepo --refresh --check https://packages.microsoft.com/config/sles/12/prod.repo
Install the mssql-tools
package:
sudo ACCEPT_EULA=Y zypper install --no-confirm mssql-tools
You can add the tools to your PATH
like you did for mssql-conf
:
echo 'export PATH="$PATH:/opt/mssql-tools/bin"' >> ~/.bashrc
source ~/.bashrc
Alternatively, you can symlink sqlcmd
to /usr/local/bin/
since it is a binary:
sudo ln --symbolic /opt/mssql-tools/bin/sqlcmd /usr/local/bin/sqlcmd
Then start sqlcmd
and input a query. The -S
option designates the server. The -U
option specifies the user.
Available options can be found at sqlcmd Utility Syntax.
sudo sqlcmd -S localhost -U SA
SELECT name from sys.databases
GO
name
master
tempdb
model
msdb
TestDB
GO
is required here to execute the previous statements.
To exit sqlcmd
, input quit
:
quit
The full sqlcmd
documentation can be found at sqlcmd Utility.
5 Administration #
5.1 systemd
#
The mssql-server
package installs and configures SQL Server as a systemd
service.
systemd
provides a framework for managing services, mounts, and system states.
You can find more details about systemd
unit files at systemd.unit — Unit configuration.
To control the mssql-server
service, use systemctl
to retrieve the status
, start
, stop
, restart
, enable
, and disable
the service.
Display
mssql-server
status:sudo systemctl status mssql-server ● mssql-server.service - Microsoft SQL Server Database Engine Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/mssql-server.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled) Active: active (running) since Thu 2021-02-25 01:54:18 UTC; 16h ago Docs: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/linux Main PID: 1341 (sqlservr) Tasks: 166 CGroup: /system.slice/mssql-server.service ├─1341 /opt/mssql/bin/sqlservr └─1596 /opt/mssql/bin/sqlservr
Start
mssql-server
:sudo systemctl start mssql-server
Stop
mssql-server
:sudo systemctl stop mssql-server
Restart
mssql-server
:sudo systemctl restart mssql-server
Enable
mssql-server
to start on boot (mssql-server
is enabled by default on installation):sudo systemctl enable mssql-server Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/mssql-server.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/mssql-server.service.
Disable
mssql-server
to present starting on boot:sudo systemctl disable mssql-server Removed symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/mssql-server.service.
5.2 Logs #
For troubleshooting, the logs and crash dumps are written to /var/opt/mssql/log
by default.
Notable logs are the errorlogs (errorlog*), trace logs (*.trc), sqlagent logs (sqlagent*),
and the extended events logs (*.xel). Core dumps are written with the .tar.gz2
extension and SQL dumps with the .mdmp
extension.
To view these resources, you need root
or the mssql
user access.
ls /var/opt/mssql/log
HkEngineEventFile_0_132574672188100000.xel errorlog errorlog.4 log_20.trc sqlagent.2 system_health_0_132574672201000000.xel
HkEngineEventFile_0_132574672310500000.xel errorlog.1 health.log log_21.trc sqlagent.3 system_health_0_132574672319150000.xel
HkEngineEventFile_0_132575629019340000.xel errorlog.2 log_18.trc log_22.trc sqlagent.out system_health_0_132575629028000000.xel
HkEngineEventFile_0_132575645400520000.xel errorlog.3 log_19.trc sqlagent.1 sqlagentstartup.log system_health_0_132575645408320000.xel
5.3 Loading sample data #
Microsoft has provided some sample databases
you can use to seed your mssql-server
instance with some data.
Here is an example of loading our SQL server instance with the sample database WideWorldImporters
.
Download the WideWorldImporters
database:
curl --location https://github.com/Microsoft/sql-server-samples/releases/download/wide-world-importers-v1.0/WideWorldImporters-Full.bak \
--output /tmp/WideWorldImporters-Full.bak
Restore full backup into mssql-server
with sqlcmd
while updating paths for the data, userdata, transaction log, and in-memory data:
sqlcmd -S localhost \
-U sa \
-P Suselove12 \
-Q "RESTORE DATABASE WideWorldImporters \
FROM DISK ='/tmp/WideWorldImporters-Full.bak' WITH \
MOVE 'WWI_Primary' TO '/var/opt/mssql/data/WideWorldImporters.mdf', \
MOVE 'WWI_UserData' TO '/var/opt/mssql/data/WideWorldImporters_UserData.ndf', \
MOVE 'WWI_Log' TO '/var/opt/mssql/data/WideWorldImporters.ldf', \
MOVE 'WWI_InMemory_Data_1' TO '/var/opt/mssql/data/WideWorldImporters_InMemory_Data_1'"
Processed 1464 pages for database 'WideWorldImporters', file 'WWI_Primary' on file 1.
Processed 53096 pages for database 'WideWorldImporters', file 'WWI_UserData' on file 1.
Processed 33 pages for database 'WideWorldImporters', file 'WWI_Log' on file 1.
Processed 3862 pages for database 'WideWorldImporters', file 'WWI_InMemory_Data_1' on file 1.
Converting database 'WideWorldImporters' from version 852 to the current version 904.
Database 'WideWorldImporters' running the upgrade step from version 852 to version 853.
Database 'WideWorldImporters' running the upgrade step from version 853 to version 854.
...
Database 'WideWorldImporters' running the upgrade step from version 902 to version 903.
Database 'WideWorldImporters' running the upgrade step from version 903 to version 904.
RESTORE DATABASE successfully processed 58455 pages in 37.388 seconds (12.214 MB/sec).
When loaded, project ten table names from the WideWorldImporters
database to test it out:
sqlcmd -S localhost \
-U sa \
-P Suselove12 \
-Q "SELECT TOP(10) table_name FROM \
WideWorldImporters.information_schema.tables \
WHERE table_type = 'BASE TABLE'"
table_name
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Colors
Colors_Archive
OrderLines
PackageTypes
PackageTypes_Archive
StockGroups
StockItemStockGroups
StockGroups_Archive
StateProvinces
CustomerTransactions
(10 rows affected)
6 Summary #
Businesses around the world look to SUSE to help them simplify and optimize their IT environments, modernize their applications and infrastructure, and accelerate innovation on-premises, in the cloud, and at the edge. With SUSE Linux Enterprise Server support for Microsoft SQL Server, businesses can streamline their IT landscape and operations without changing their preferred enterprise database management system.
At this point, you should have a rudimentary understanding of how to install SQL Server on SUSE Linux Enterprise Server, install SQL Server tools, query SQL Server and perform basic administration. To stay up to date on the latest SQL Server on Linux features bookmark Release notes for SQL Server 2019 on Linux.
7 Appendix #
7.1 SQL Server password requirements #
SQL Server passwords must be between 8 and 128 (inclusive), cannot contain Unicode control characters [Ll, Lu, Nd, Cc]
and must contain at least three of the following:
Uppercase letters
Lowercase letters
Numbers
Symbols from the set
(`~!@#$%^&*_-+=|\\{}[]:;\"'<>,.?)/
7.2 References #
8 Legal notice #
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[1] https://cloudblogs.microsoft.com/sqlserver/2017/10/02/sql-server-2017-on-windows-linux-and-docker-is-now-generally-available
[2] https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/linux/sql-server-linux-editions-and-components-2019?view=sql-server-ver15#Unsupported