Infrastructure Monitoring for SAP Systems #

Many customers deploy SAP systems, such as SAP S/4HANA, to support mission-critical business functions for their global operations. Consequently, maximizing system availability becomes crucial. IT departments face very demanding SLAs, with many companies now requiring 24x7 reliability for their SAP environments.

The foundation of every SAP system is a solid infrastructure supporting it.

This paper describes a monitoring solution for SAP systems that enables metrics to be analyzed within a specific SAP context.

The solution presented in this document consists mainly of the open source tool Grafana Alloy.

The tool acts as a single, local agent that replaces most single exporters by gathering metrics and logs directly via built-in collector functions (Data Collection). It transforms metrics and logs via relabeling and filtering (Data Processing), and forwards the unified telemetry to central backends via a push-based model (Data Push).

Figure 1: Monitoring Components #

 

2.1 Data Source #

 

As illustrated in the diagram, Data Sources can be categorized by the operating system (Internal Sources) and the underlying hardware (External Sources):

• Internal Sources: Information from the operating system itself, such as log files, the systemd journal, and system APIs.

• External Sources: Information from outside the main OS, such as hardware data via SNMP and Redfish, or network checks via Blackbox.

Note

In the previous SUSE Best Practices document, the Data Source was defined by the exporters and collectors themselves. We now define the Data Source strictly as the origin of the information, independent of the collection tool.

2.2 Data Collection #

 

Data Collection can be performed in two ways: Grafana Alloy either gathers information directly using its built-in exporter function, or it acts as a local receiver for external exporters.

• Built-in function: Grafana Alloy features many native exporter functions (such as the legacy Node Exporter and Promtail).

• Local aggregator: For specialized datasets, Grafana Alloy acts as a local aggregator for third-party collectors and exporters (for example: PCM, Collectd),

Note

In the previous SUSE Best Practices document, the Data Collection was defined by the storage component (Prometheus and Loki), which had to actively "pull" data from every individual exporter across the network. We have now shifted this function to a dedicated layer on the host, centralizing the gathering process locally.

The following sections show how to set up a monitoring solution based on Grafana Alloy that was introduced in the solution overview.

# zypper in alloy

## Path:
## Description: Grafana Alloy settings
## Type:        string
## Default:     ""
## ServiceRestart: alloy
#
# Command line options for Alloy.
#
# The configuration file holding the Alloy config.
CONFIG_FILE="/etc/alloy/config.alloy"

# User-defined arguments to pass to the run command.
CUSTOM_ARGS="--server.http.listen-addr=0.0.0.0:12345"

# Restart on system upgrade. Defaults to true.
RESTART_ON_UPGRADE=true

# Monitoring Group
monitoring_group=infra

/etc/alloy/config.alloy

prometheus.exporter.unix "unix" {
}

prometheus.exporter.process "process" {
  track_children = false

  matcher {
    comm = ["nginx"]
  }
}

prometheus.exporter.blackbox "blackbox" {
  config = "{ modules: { http_2xx: { prober: http, timeout: 5s } } }"
  target {
      name    = "Webserver"
      address = "https://webserver01.domain"
      module  = "http_2xx"
    }
}

prometheus.exporter.snmp "cisco_switches" {
  config_file = "/etc/alloy/snmp.yml"

  target "cbs250_main" {
    address = "192.168.178.2"
    module  = "if_mib"
    auth    = "alloy_v2c"
  }
}

prometheus.exporter.self "self" {
}

prometheus.scrape "os" {
    scrape_interval = "15s"
    targets    = prometheus.exporter.unix.os.targets
    forward_to = [ prometheus.remote_write.to_prometheus.receiver]
}

prometheus.relabel "to_be_compatible" {
    forward_to = [ prometheus.remote_write.to_prometheus.receiver, ]

    // rule01
    rule {
        source_labels  = ["exporter"]
        target_label   = "exporter"
        replacement    = "alloy"
    }


    // rule02
    rule {
        source_labels  = ["instance"]
        target_label   = "instance"
        replacement    = constants.hostname
    }

    // rule03
    rule {
        source_labels  = ["job"]
        target_label   = "job"
        replacement    = sys.env("monitoring_group")
    }
}

prometheus.remote_write "to_prometheus" {
    endpoint { url = "http://prometheus-server:9090/api/v1/write" }
}

prometheus.exporter.unix "localhost" {
}

prometheus.scrape "unix" {
    scrape_interval = "10s"
    targets    = prometheus.exporter.unix.localhost.targets
    forward_to = [ prometheus.relabel.to_be_compatible.receiver, ]
}

prometheus.relabel "to_be_compatible" {
    forward_to = [ prometheus.remote_write.to_prometheus.receiver, ]

    rule {
        source_labels  = ["exporter"]
        target_label   = "exporter"
        replacement    = "alloy"
    }
    rule {
        source_labels  = ["instance"]
        target_label   = "instance"
        replacement    = constants.hostname
    }
    rule {
        source_labels  = ["job"]
        target_label   = "job"
        replacement    = sys.env("monitoring_group")
    }
}

prometheus.remote_write "to_prometheus" {
    endpoint { url = "http://prometheus-server:9090/api/v1/write" }
}

loki.source.journal "journal" {
  max_age       = "24h0m0s"
  relabel_rules = discovery.relabel.journal.rules
  forward_to    = [loki.relabel.journald.receiver]
}

loki.source.file "logfile" {
  targets    = [
    {__path__ = "/var/log/logfile.log"},
  ]
  forward_to    = [loki.relabel.logfiles.receiver]
}

loki.relabel "logfiles" {
  forward_to    = [loki.write.to_loki.receiver]

  rule {
    source_labels  = ["job"]
    target_label   = "job"
    replacement    = sys.env("monitoring_group")
   }

  rule {
    source_labels  = ["log_type"]
    target_label   = "log_type"
    replacement    = "journald02"
   }
}

loki.write "to_loki" {
    endpoint { url = "http://loki-server:3100/loki/api/v1/push" }
}

loki.source.journal "journal" {
  max_age       = "24h0m0s"
  forward_to    = [loki.relabel.journald.receiver]
  labels        = {log_type = "journald"}
}


loki.relabel "journald" {
  forward_to    = [loki.write.to_loki.receiver]
  rule {
    source_labels = ["__journal__systemd_unit"]
    target_label  = "unit"
  }
  rule {
    source_labels = ["__journal__hostname"]
    target_label  = "hostname"
  }
  rule {
    source_labels = ["__journal__kernel_device"]
    target_label  = "kernel_device"
  }
  rule {
    source_labels = ["__journal__priority"]
    target_label  = "prio"
  }
  rule {
    source_labels  = ["instance"]
    target_label   = "instance"
    replacement    = constants.hostname
  }
  rule {
    source_labels  = ["job"]
    target_label   = "job"
    replacement    = sys.env("monitoring_group")
   }
  rule {
    source_labels  = ["log_type"]
    target_label   = "log_type"
    replacement    = "journald"
   }
}

loki.write "to_loki" {
    endpoint { url = "http://loki-server:3100/loki/api/v1/push" }
}

Migrating to Grafana Alloy is straightforward and does not require starting from scratch. It also supports a mixed environment, providing the flexibility to integrate existing exporters alongside the new system. This ensures a safe transition with no data loss.

# modprobe msr

# docker run -d --name pcm --privileged -p 9738:9738 ghcr.io/intel/pcm

prometheus.scrape "intel_pcm" {
  targets = [
    {"__address__" = "localhost:9738"},
  ]
  forward_to = [ prometheus.relabel.to_be_compatible.receiver, ]
}


prometheus.relabel "to_be_compatible" {
    forward_to = [ prometheus.remote_write.to_prometheus.receiver, ]

    rule {
        source_labels  = ["exporter"]
        target_label   = "exporter"
        replacement    = "alloy"
    }
    rule {
        source_labels  = ["instance"]
        target_label   = "instance"
        replacement    = constants.hostname
    }
    rule {
        source_labels  = ["job"]
        target_label   = "job"
        replacement    = sys.env("monitoring_group")
    }
}


prometheus.remote_write "to_prometheus" {
    endpoint { url = "http://prometheus-server:9090/api/v1/write" }
}

# alloy convert --source-format=promtail --output=<OUTPUT_CONFIG_PATH> /etc/loki/promtail.yaml

server:
  http_listen_port: 9080
  grpc_listen_port: 0

positions:
  filename: /var/lib/promtail/positions.yaml

clients:
  - url: http://loki-host:3100/loki/api/v1/push

scrape_configs:
- job_name: journal
  journal:
    max_age: 24h
    labels:
      job: loki_messages

  relabel_configs:
    - source_labels: ['__journal__systemd_unit']
      target_label: 'unit'

    - source_labels: ['__journal__hostname']
      target_label: 'host'

alloy convert --source-format=promtail --output=/tmp/config.alloy /etc/loki/promtail.yml

discovery.relabel "journal" {
  targets = []

  rule {
    source_labels = ["__journal__systemd_unit"]
    target_label  = "unit"
  }

  rule {
    source_labels = ["__journal__hostname"]
    target_label  = "host"
  }
}

loki.source.journal "journal" {
  max_age       = "24h0m0s"
  relabel_rules = discovery.relabel.journal.rules
  forward_to    = [loki.write.default.receiver]
  labels        = {
    job = "loki_messages",
  }
}

loki.write "default" {
  endpoint {
    url = "http://loki-host:3100/loki/api/v1/push"
  }
  external_labels = {}
}

This section provides configuration examples for different use cases.

prometheus.exporter.blackbox "blackbox" {
  config = "{ modules: { http_2xx: { prober: http, timeout: 5s } } }"
  target {
      name    = "SUSE"
      address = "https://suse.com"
      module  = "http_2xx"
    }
  target {
      name    = ""
      address = "https://rancher.com"
      module  = "http_2xx"
    }
}

prometheus.scrape "scrape_blackbox" {
    scrape_interval = "15s"
    targets    = prometheus.exporter.blackbox.blackbox.targets
    forward_to = [ prometheus.relabel.blackbox_label.receiver]
}

prometheus.relabel "blackbox_label" {
    rule {
        source_labels = ["job"]
        regex         = ".*/(.+)"
        target_label  = "instance"
        replacement   = "$1"
    }

    rule {
        target_label = "job"
        replacement  = "blackbox"
    }

    forward_to = [prometheus.remote_write.to_prometheus.receiver]
}

prometheus.remote_write "to_prometheus" {
    endpoint { url = "http://prometheus-server:9090/api/v1/write" }
}

// wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/prometheus/snmp_exporter/main/snmp.yml -O /etc/alloy/snmp.yml

prometheus.exporter.snmp "cisco_switches" {
  config_file = "/etc/alloy/snmp.yml"
  target "cbs250_main" {
    address = "192.168.178.2"
    module  = "if_mib"
    auth    = "alloy_v2c"
  }
}

prometheus.scrape "scrape_snmp" {
  targets         = prometheus.exporter.snmp.cisco_switches.targets
  scrape_interval = "60s"
  scrape_timeout  = "55s"
  forward_to      = [prometheus.relabel.snmp.receiver]
}

prometheus.relabel "snmp" {
    forward_to = [ prometheus.remote_write.to_prometheus.receiver, ]
    rule {
        target_label   = "instance"
        replacement    = "cisco"
    }
    rule {
        target_label   = "job"
        replacement    = "snmp"
    }
}

prometheus.remote_write "to_prometheus" {
    endpoint { url = "http://prometheus-server:9090/api/v1/write" }
}

prometheus.exporter.process "process" {
  track_children = false
  matcher {
    comm = ["nginx"]
  }
}

prometheus.scrape "process" {
  targets    = prometheus.exporter.process.process.targets
  forward_to = [prometheus.relabel.process.receiver]
}

prometheus.relabel "process" {
    forward_to = [ prometheus.remote_write.to_prometheus.receiver, ]
    rule {
        target_label   = "exporter"
        replacement    = "alloy"
    }
    rule {
        target_label   = "job"
        replacement    = "process"
    }
}

prometheus.remote_write "to_prometheus" {
    endpoint { url = "http://prometheus-server:9090/api/v1/write" }
}

local.file_match "logfiles" {
    path_targets = [
        { "__path__" = "/var/log/messages" },
        { "__path__" = "/var/log/warn" },
        { "__path__" = "/var/log/*.log" },
    ]
}

loki.source.file "all_files" {
    targets    = local.file_match.logfiles.targets
    forward_to    = [loki.relabel.logfile.receiver]
}

loki.relabel "logfile" {
  forward_to = [loki.write.to_loki.receiver]
  rule {
    source_labels  = ["instance"]
    target_label   = "instance"
    replacement    = constants.hostname
  }
  rule {
    source_labels  = ["job"]
    target_label   = "job"
    replacement    = sys.env("monitoring_group")
   }
  rule {
    target_label = "log_type"
    replacement  = "files"
  }
}

loki.write "to_loki" {
    endpoint { url = "http://loki-server:3100/loki/api/v1/push" }
}

After modifying the configuration file, use the following command to apply the changes without restarting the service:

curl -X POST 127.0.0.1:12345/-/reload

In complex environments, splitting the config.alloy file into separate files can improve organization and simplify management. For example, individual pipelines can be stored in dedicated files such as unix.alloy or journald.alloy.

Common components, such as prometheus.remote_write or loki.write, can also be placed in a single shared file. This allows multiple pipelines to push data to the same destination without duplicating the configuration.

To enable this, modify the CONFIG_FILE variable in /etc/sysconfig/alloy as follows:

# The configuration file or directory holding the Alloy config.
CONFIG_FILE="/etc/alloy/"

Alloy automatically loads and merges all files within that folder ending in .alloy, allowing them to function as a single configuration.

Maintaining the availability of SAP S/4HANA is critical for ensuring uninterrupted business operations. This document has demonstrated how Grafana Alloy provides a modern, unified approach to monitor these systems, enabling administrators to identify and resolve issues before they cause costly downtime.

The primary benefits include:

By switching to Grafana Alloy, you gain a more efficient, scalable, and flexible foundation for enterprise-grade observability.

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The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.

Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.

Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME.
   Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
   under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2
   or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
   with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.
   A copy of the license is included in the section entitled “GNU
   Free Documentation License”.

If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, replace the “ with…​Texts.” line with this:

with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the
   Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.

If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the situation.

If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free software.