Raspberry Pi 快速入门

要使用 Raspberry Pi 上的 SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for Arm，需要有 64 位 Arm* 兼容的 Raspberry Pi*。SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for Arm 15 SP4 经测试可在 Raspberry Pi 3 A+、B、B+ 型板和 Raspberry Pi 4 B 型板以及 MyPi Industrial IoT Integrator Board 上的 Raspberry Pi Compute 3 和 3+ 型上正常运行。

1.1 Raspberry Pi 3 B 型的技术细节 #

 

Raspberry Pi 是基于 Broadcom* 出品的系统级芯片 (SoC) 开发的小型单板计算机系列，可在板上连接各种外设。

图 1︰ Raspberry Pi 3 B 型连接器 © Efa / English Wikipedia / CC BY-SA 3.0 概览 #

 

图 2︰ Raspberry Pi 3 B 型连接器 © Evan-Amos / own work / public domain 照片 #

 

Raspberry Pi 3 B/B+ 型的精选功能 #

 

CPU

Broadcom BCM2837 SoC 包含一个四核 Arm* Cortex*-A53 应用程序处理器，支持 Armv8 32 位和 64 位指令集。使用默认配置时频率可达 1.2 GHz。

RAM

板后搭载 1024 MiB DDR2 内存。

显示

Broadcom* VideoCore* IV 提供 OpenGL* ES 2.0 支持。可通过 HDMI*、复合端口（TRRS 插孔）或 MIPI* DSI*（带状缆线）连接显示器。

以太网

板上的 USB 以太网控制器提供 10/100 Mbit/s 以太网（B 型）或 10/100/1000 Mbit/s 以太网，最大吞吐量可达 300 Mbit/s（B+ 型）。

WLAN

B 型上的 BCM43438 芯片支持 IEEE-802.11b、IEEE-802.11g 和 IEEE-802.11n，频段为 2.4 GHz。它还提供蓝牙 2.0 到 4.1（低耗电）。B+ 型上的 BCM43455 芯片支持 IEEE-802.11b、IEEE-802.11g、IEEE-802.11n 和 IEEE-802.11ac，频段为 2.4 GHz 和 5 GHz。它还提供蓝牙 4.2（低耗电）。

储存

microSDHC 卡插槽中可插入内存卡作为主引导媒体。

电源

Raspberry Pi 3 的主电源为 Micro USB 连接器。如果您的 Raspberry Pi 附带电源，建议仅使用附带的电源。

USB

共有四个 USB 2.0 端口。

连接器

板上还提供了一个 0.1 英寸多功能引脚接头。请注意，SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for Arm 15 SP4 中并未公开此接头的所有功能。

1.2 SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for Arm 15 SP4 #

 

SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for Arm 是首款完全支持用于 Raspberry Pi 的商用 Linux 操作系统产品。您可以购买订阅，以接收发布的所有 Bug 和安全修复、功能更新并获得来自 SUSE 全球支持的技术协助。要了解有关订阅和支持选项的详细信息，请访问 https://www.suse.com/support/programs/subscriptions/?id=SUSE_Linux_Enterprise_Server。

注意：试用版

如果您要试用 Raspberry Pi 上的 SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for Arm 15 SP4，SUSE 将为您提供试用版。您可以在 60 天内免费获得补丁和更新。要获得此免费试用版，您必须使用您的 Customer Center 帐户身份凭证登录 SUSE Customer Center（网址为 https://scc.suse.com/）。如果您没有 Customer Center 帐户，必须创建一个才能使用试用版。

系统最低安装要求#

• Raspberry Pi 3 A+、B 或 B+ 型，或 Raspberry Pi 4 B 型。

• 容量最少为 8 GB 的 microSD 卡。

• USB 键盘、鼠标。

• HDMI 缆线和监视器。

• 最低 2.5 A 的电源。

1.2.1 与 Raspberry Pi 操作系统的差别 #

 

Raspberry Pi 操作系统是 Raspberry Pi 事实上的默认发行套件。以下段落简要说明了 Raspberry Pi 上的 SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for Arm 与 Raspberry Pi 操作系统之间的差别。

基于上游内核

Raspberry Pi 操作系统使用专门针对 Raspberry Pi 进行过修改的内核。SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for Arm 使用适用于 AArch64 的默认 SUSE Linux Enterprise 内核，该内核源自官方主线内核。

AArch64 指令集

Raspberry Pi 上的 SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for Arm 是首套使用 AArch64 指令集的 Raspberry Pi 发行套件。

引导过程

在 Raspberry Pi 操作系统中会直接装载内核。SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for Arm 不支持装载内核，而是使用 U-Boot 引导加载器来提供 EFI 引导环境。GRUB2 EFI 二进制文件会被链式装载，以提供图形引导屏幕。

根文件系统

适用于 Raspberry Pi 的 SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for Arm 使用 Btrfs 作为根分区的文件系统。为使 SD 卡性能更佳，默认会启用压缩。

1.2.2 YaST #

 

YaST 是 SUSE Linux Enterprise 的安装和配置框架。它具有易于使用的灵活图形界面，并可在安装期间及安装之后快速自定义您的系统，因此广受欢迎。YaST 可用于配置整个系统：您可以配置硬件、设置网络、管理系统服务以及调整安全设置。所有这些任务都可以从 YaST 控制中心访问。要启动它，请在菜单中选择 YaST，或运行 xdg-su -c yast2 命令。系统将提示您输入 root 用户的口令。

图 3︰ YaST 控制中心 #

 

YaST 启动时会显示可用模块的概览（图 3 “YaST 控制中心”）。单击图标即可打开相应模块。

1.2.3 Zypper #

 

Zypper 是 SUSE Linux Enterprise 的软件包管理器。该工具可安装、更新和去除软件包以及管理软件源。

一般的 Zypper 调用语法如下：

zypper [global-options] command [command-options][arguments] ...

注意：短命令格式

大多数命令都有长短两种格式。使用 zypper --help 可查看概览。

安装软件包

# zypper install mplayer

去除软件包

# zypper remove mplayer

列出可用补丁

> zypper list-patches

安装可用补丁

# zypper patch

注意：安装软件更新

建议使用 YaST 联机更新程序来安装可用的软件更新。要启动该程序，请在 IceWM 菜单的“桌面应用程序”下的“设置”中选择“联机更新”。

1.2.4 限制 #

 

显示未启用硬件加速

为提高系统稳定性和可靠性，禁用了 X.Org 硬件加速。

有关其他限制，请参见 https://www.suse.com/releasenotes/aarch64/SUSE-SLES/15-SP4/ 上的联机版发行说明。

适用于 Raspberry Pi 的 SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for Arm 作为 microSD 卡的 XZ 压缩映像文件分发。本章将引导您完成用于首次引导的 microSD 卡的准备过程。如果您已有包含映像的 microSD 卡，则可以跳过本章，直接转到第 3 节 “首次引导”。

注意：SD 卡空间要求

建议使用容量至少为 8 GB 的卡。

警告：卡上的所有数据都将丢失！

如果执行下面的过程，SD 卡上的所有数据都将被重写，因此会丢失且无法恢复。选择映像写入过程的目标设备时，请务必小心。

xz -cd IMAGE | dd of=/dev/SDCARDDEV bs=4096

> xz -cd SLES15-SP4-Minimal-Image.aarch64-15.4-RaspberryPi-GM.raw.xz | sudo dd of=/dev/mmcblk0 bs=4096 iflag=fullblock status=progress

要从已准备好的 microSD 引导 Raspberry Pi，请将卡插入卡槽，然后连接显示器、以太网网线、USB 键盘和鼠标。打开 Raspberry Pi 的电源。如果一切正常，屏幕上应该会显示文本。

注意：无鼠标操作

只能用键盘控制 JeOS 首次引导助手。每个用户界面元素附带一个加速键（一个高亮显示的字符）。要激活加速键，请同时按下 Alt 和相应的字符。

在首次引导期间，系统将会扩展以利用整个储存卡。此操作可能需要一些时间。

3.1 使用 JeOS 首次引导助手进行初始系统设置 #

 

完成引导后，JeOS 首次引导助手将引导您完成初始系统设置。

注意：通过串行连接运行 JeOS 首次引导助手

要通过串行连接运行 JeOS 首次引导助手向导，需要从 GRUB 2 的内核命令行 console=ttyS0,115200 console=tty 中去除 console=tty，即使未连接 HDMI 缆线也是如此。

极简 JeOS 映像没有语言选择选项。助手完成后，您可安装并选择系统区域设置。您可以随时使用 jeos-config 命令启动 JeOS 首次引导助手。

1. 首先，需要配置键盘布局。使用方向键或第一个字母，然后选择确定。

   

2. 阅读许可协议。您需要接受该协议。

   

3. 使用方向键或第一个字母选择时区。

   

4. 选择确定继续。

5. 现在，系统将要求您提供 root 口令。请记住您在此处输入的口令，将来进行管理时需要用到该口令。

   

6. 再次键入您刚才提供的 root 口令以确认口令。

   

7. 请注意，您应在安装后注册系统，有关详细说明请参见第 3.2 节 “注册过程”。

   
   

   注意：延迟注册

   在使用 SUSEConnect 注册前，您将不会收到更新或补丁。

8. 选择确定继续。

9. 最后，系统会提供用于配置无线网络的选项。如果您有有线以太网连接，则可选择否跳过此步骤。

   

   如果您选择是，以下屏幕将会显示：

   1. 选择要连接的无线网络，然后单击确定继续。

      

   2. 选择无线网络的身份验证方法，然后单击确定继续。

      

   3. 输入无线网络的通行口令，然后单击确定继续。

      

注意：WPA EAP 身份验证

WPA 身份验证仅支持“mschapv2”EPA 身份验证，系统将其用作默认身份验证方法。

如果您选择跳过无线网络配置，或者当您完成其全部配置时，JeOS 首次引导助手将会退出。系统会继续引导到登录提示。

现在，您便可以使用先前选择的口令以 root 用户身份登录。

注意：取消 JeOS 首次引导助手

如果您在任意时间点选择取消该助手，系统将关闭。然后，您可以断开电源，进行必要的更改，再重新启动。

3.2 注册过程 #

 

请务必注册您的 SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for Arm 订阅，以确保可以使用 Raspberry Pi 系统的全部功能。SUSE 提供的 SD 卡映像包含初始引导过程以及将 Raspberry Pi 连接到网络中所需的最小软件包集。

如果您已注册您的 SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for Arm 订阅，可视需要下载其他软件包，例如编译器。Raspberry Pi 上运行的 SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 版本与 AMD64/Intel 64、POWER、IBM Z 或其他基于 ARM 的系统上运行的版本相同。

重要：设置时钟

由于 Raspberry Pi 没有持久性实时时钟，因此在尝试使用 Zypper 或 YaST 安装附加软件包时，请确保时钟已设为当前日期和时间。

初次注册系统时，可以使用 SUSEConnect 工具。此后，您还可以使用 YaST 产品注册模块。

注意：评估码

您可在以下页面请求为期 60 天的评估订阅：https://www.suse.com/products/arm/

通过订阅卡获得注册码后，您需要在 SUSE Customer Center 中激活您的订阅，网址为：

https://scc.suse.com/

要注册您的订阅，请执行以下步骤：

1. 使用另一台计算机上的浏览器登录 SUSE Customer Center。视需要创建帐户：

   

2. 单击手动激活订阅。

   

3. 单击对话框字段激活单个订阅：

   

4. 输入注册码并接受条款和条件：

   

5. 确认激活订阅和指派的组织。单击激活：

   

6. 您的订阅现已激活，可供您使用：

   

要注册系统，请使用 SUSEConnect 工具（如上文所述）：

# SUSEConnect -e company@example.com -r YOUR_CODE
Registering system to SUSE Customer Center
Using E-Mail: company@example.com

Announcing system to https://scc.suse.com ...

Activating SLES 15.4 aarch64 ...
-> Adding service to system ...

Activating sle-module-basesystem 15.4 aarch64 ...
-> Adding service to system ...
-> Installing release package ...

Activating sle-module-server-applications 15.4 aarch64 ...
-> Adding service to system ...
-> Installing release package ...

Successfully registered system

这个过程可能需要一些时间。此后，您便可访问联机软件源以安装更多软件包，如第 1.2.3 节 “Zypper”中所述。

例 2︰ 安装 YaST #

 

后续章节假设您已安装用于进行系统配置的 YaST：

# zypper in -t pattern yast2_basis

注意：模块可用性

除了上面的 Basesystem 模块和 Server Applications 模块以外，您的订阅还可让您访问其他模块。要激活其他模块，可以使用 YaST 系统扩展模块。

本章说明了如何为适用于 Raspberry Pi 的 SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for Arm 15 SP4 进行初始系统配置。

4.1 更改语言 #

 

执行下列步骤可更改默认语言：

1. 安装 glibc-locale 软件包：

   # zypper in glibc-locale

2. 根据需要设置语言：

   # localectl set-locale LANG=de_DE.UTF-8

注意：翻译软件包

某些应用程序可能需要您安装额外的 -lang 软件包，才能显示翻译为所选语言的文本。

完成初始配置过程并首次引导系统后，您便可以使用系统的各个组件。

# SUSEConnect -p sle-module-desktop-applications/15.4/aarch64
Registering system to SUSE Customer Center

Updating system details on https://scc.suse.com ...

Activating sle-module-desktop-applications 15.4 aarch64 ...
-> Adding service to system ...
-> Installing release package ...

Successfully registered system

# zypper install -t pattern x11_raspberrypi

# zypper install bluez

# systemctl enable --now bluetooth

文中说明仅涵盖了最基本的任务。

6.1 产品文档 #

 

上提供了 SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for Arm15 SP4 https://documentation.suse.com/ 的完整文档。

注意：产品文档的适用性

因为 Raspberry Pi 与其他硬件平台有很大不同，所以并非产品文档中的所有内容都适用于 Raspberry Pi 上的 SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for Arm。

6.2 SUSE 论坛 #

 

拥有有效且已激活的订阅，您可以接收 Bug 和安全修复、功能更新并获得来自 SUSE 支持组织的技术协助。请访问 https://www.suse.com/support/ 了解更多信息。您可以通过 SUSE Customer Center（网址为 https://scc.suse.com/）提交突发事件。

此外，SUSE 还提供了一个社区网站，您可以在其中获得问题的答案。其网址为 https://community.suse.com/。

重要：论坛并非官方支持渠道

SUSE 论坛并非官方的 SUSE 支持渠道。个人文章或言论由社区成员及各产品用户自愿提供。SUSE 无法验证文章中所述的操作是否如其声明的一般，也无法验证其是否无意外后果。因此，SUSE LLC 及其关联公司、作者对于可能出现的错误或由此造成的后果皆不承担责任。

有关官方支持选项的详细信息，请访问 https://www.suse.com/support/。

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版权所有 ©2006–2020 SUSE LLC 和贡献者。保留所有权利。

根据 GNU 自由文档许可 (GNU Free Documentation License) 版本 1.2 或（根据您的选择）版本 1.3 中的条款，在此授予您复制、分发和/或修改本文档的权限；本版权声明和许可附带不可变部分。许可版本 1.2 的副本包含在题为“GNU Free Documentation License”的部分。

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If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole aggregate.

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Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.
A copy of the license is included in the section entitled “GNU
Free Documentation License”.

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If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the situation.

If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free software.