Introduces the GNOME desktop of SUSE Linux Enterprise Server. It guides you through using and configuring the desktop and helps you perform key tasks. It is intended mainly for end users who want to make efficient use of GNOME as their default desktop.
- About This Guide
- I Introduction
- 1 Noções básicas sobre a área de trabalho do GNOME
- 2 Working with Your Desktop
- 2.1 Managing Files and Directories
- 2.2 Accessing Removable Media
- 2.3 Searching for Files
- 2.4 Copying Text Between Applications
- 2.5 Managing Internet Connections
- 2.6 Exploring the Internet
- 2.7 E-mail and Scheduling
- 2.8 Opening or Creating Documents with LibreOffice
- 2.9 Controlling Your Desktop’s Power Management
- 2.10 Creating, Displaying, and Decompressing Archives
- 2.11 Taking Screenshots
- 2.12 Viewing PDF Files
- 2.13 Obtaining Software Updates
- 2.14 For More Information
- 3 Personalizando configurações
- 4 Tecnologias assistivas
- II Connectivity, Files and Resources
- III LibreOffice
- 10 LibreOffice: The Office Suite
- 10.1 LibreOffice Modules
- 10.2 Starting LibreOffice
- 10.3 The LibreOffice User Interface
- 10.4 Compatibility with Other Office Applications
- 10.5 Saving Files with a Password
- 10.6 Customizing LibreOffice
- 10.7 Changing the Global Settings
- 10.8 Using Templates
- 10.9 Setting Metadata and Properties
- 10.10 For More Information
- 11 LibreOffice Writer
- 12 LibreOffice Calc
- 13 LibreOffice Impress, Base, Draw e Math
- 10 LibreOffice: The Office Suite
- IV Internet, Communication and Collaboration
- V Graphics and Multimedia
- A Ajuda e documentação
- B GNU licenses
- 1.1 Tela de login do GNOME
- 1.2 Tela de login do GNOME — Tipo de sessão
- 1.3 Área de trabalho do GNOME — SLE Classic
- 2.1 File Manager
- 2.2 Archive Manager
- 2.3 Document Viewer
- 3.1 Caixa de diálogo Configurações do GNOME
- 3.2 Caixa de diálogo Teclado
- 3.3 Caixa de diálogo de configurações do mouse e touchpad
- 3.4 Caixa de Diálogo de Configurações de Resolução do Monitor
- 3.5 Definindo configurações de som
- 3.6 Aplicações Preferenciais
- 5.1 Network File Browser
- 8.1 Password and Keys Main Window
- 9.1 gFTP—Main Window
- 9.2 gFTP File Transfer
- 10.1 Customization Dialog in Writer
- 10.2 The Options Window
- 11.1 A LibreOffice Wizard
- 11.2 Styles and Formatting Panel
- 11.3 Navigator Tool in Writer
- 13.1 Fórmula matemática no LibreOffice Math
- 14.1 Janela do browser Firefox
- 14.2 Firefox: gerenciar mecanismos de pesquisa
- 14.3 Biblioteca de Favoritos do Firefox
- 14.4 Janela de Informações sobre Página do Firefox
- 14.5 Janela Preferências
- 14.6 Instalando extensões do Firefox
- 15.1 Evolution Window
- 17.1 Ekiga User Interface
- 18.1 The Toolbox
- 18.2 The Basic Color Selector Dialog
- 18.3 The Print Dialog
- 19.1 GNOME Videos Start-Up Window
- 19.2 GNOME Videos General Preferences
- 19.3 GNOME Videos Display Preferences
- 19.4 GNOME Videos Audio Preferences
- 20.1 Main View of Brasero
- A.1 Janela principal da ajuda
Copyright © 2006– 2024 SUSE LLC and contributors. All rights reserved.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or (at your option) version 1.3; with the Invariant Section being this copyright notice and license. A copy of the license version 1.2 is included in the section entitled “GNU Free Documentation License”.
For SUSE trademarks, see http://www.suse.com/company/legal/. All other third-party trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Trademark symbols (®, ™ etc.) denote trademarks of SUSE and its affiliates. Asterisks (*) denote third-party trademarks.
All information found in this book has been compiled with utmost attention to detail. However, this does not guarantee complete accuracy. Neither SUSE LLC, its affiliates, the authors nor the translators shall be held liable for possible errors or the consequences thereof.
About This Guide #
This manual introduces you to the GNOME graphical desktop environment as implemented in SUSE® Linux Enterprise Server, and shows you how to configure it to meet your personal needs and preferences. It also introduces you to several programs and services. It is intended for users who have experience using a graphical desktop environment such as macOS*, Windows*, or other Linux desktops.
The manual is divided into the following parts:
- Introduction
Get to know your GNOME desktop, learn how to cope with basic and daily tasks using the central GNOME applications and various small utilities. Get an overview of the possibilities that GNOME offers for modifying and individualizing the desktop according to your needs and wishes. Learn how to use assistive technologies to improve accessibility in case of vision or mobility impairment.
- Connectivity, Files and Resources
Learn how to manage and exchange data on your system or on a network: connecting to a network and sharing files, managing printers, or creating backups of your data. This part also shows how to sign and encrypt your mails and documents and how to use file transfer clients to transfer data from or to the Internet.
- LibreOffice
Introduces the LibreOffice suite, including Writer, Calc, Impress, Base, Draw, and Math.
- Internet, Communication and Collaboration
Use a Web browser and get to know the e-mailing and calendaring software. Communicate with others using Instant Messaging or Voice over IP.
- Graphics and Multimedia
Get to know GIMP, an image manipulation program that meets the needs of both amateurs and professionals. Get introduced to your desktop's applications for playing movies. Learn how to create data or audio CDs and DVDs for archiving your data.
1 Available Documentation #
Documentation for our products is available at https://documentation.suse.com/, where you can also find the latest updates, and browse or download the documentation in various formats.
In addition, the product documentation
is usually available in your installed system under
/usr/share/doc/manual
.
The following documentation is available for this product:
- Article “Inicialização Rápida da Instalação”
Lists the system requirements and guides you step-by-step through the installation of SUSE Linux Enterprise Server from DVD, or from an ISO image.
- Book “Deployment Guide”
Shows how to install single or multiple systems and how to exploit the product inherent capabilities for a deployment infrastructure. Choose from various approaches, ranging from a local installation or a network installation server to a mass deployment using a remote-controlled, highly-customized, and automated installation technique.
- Book “Administration Guide”
Covers system administration tasks like maintaining, monitoring and customizing an initially installed system.
- Book “Virtualization Guide”
Describes virtualization technology in general, and introduces libvirt—the unified interface to virtualization—and detailed information on specific hypervisors.
- Book “Storage Administration Guide”
Provides information about how to manage storage devices on a SUSE Linux Enterprise Server.
- Book “AutoYaST”
AutoYaST is a system for unattended mass deployment of SUSE Linux Enterprise Server systems using an AutoYaST profile containing installation and configuration data. The manual guides you through the basic steps of auto-installation: preparation, installation, and configuration.
- Book “Security and Hardening Guide”
Introduces basic concepts of system security, covering both local and network security aspects. Shows how to use the product inherent security software like AppArmor or the auditing system that reliably collects information about any security-relevant events.
- Book “Hardening Guide”
Deals with the particulars of installing and setting up a secure SUSE Linux Enterprise Server, and additional post-installation processes required to further secure and harden that installation. Supports the administrator with security-related choices and decisions.
- Book “System Analysis and Tuning Guide”
An administrator's guide for problem detection, resolution and optimization. Find how to inspect and optimize your system by means of monitoring tools and how to efficiently manage resources. Also contains an overview of common problems and solutions and of additional help and documentation resources.
- Book “Subscription Management Tool Guide”
An administrator's guide to Subscription Management Tool—a proxy system for SUSE Customer Center with repository and registration targets. Learn how to install and configure a local SMT server, mirror and manage repositories, manage client machines, and configure clients to use SMT.
- Book “GNOME User Guide”
Introduces the GNOME desktop of SUSE Linux Enterprise Server. It guides you through using and configuring the desktop and helps you perform key tasks. It is intended mainly for end users who want to make efficient use of GNOME as their default desktop.
2 Comentários #
Vários canais de comentário estão disponíveis:
- Solicitações de bugs e aperfeiçoamentos
Para ver as opções de serviços e suporte disponíveis ao seu produto, consulte http://www.suse.com/support/.
A comunidade fornece ajuda para o openSUSE. Visite https://en.opensuse.org/Portal:Support para obter mais informações.
Para relatar bugs de um componente de produto, vá para https://scc.suse.com/support/requests, efetue login e clique em .
- Comentários do usuário
Nós queremos saber a sua opinião e receber sugestões sobre este manual e outras documentações incluídas neste produto. Use o link “Report Bug” (Relatar Bug) ao lado de cada título para enviar um feedback por meio do SUSE Bugzilla.
- Correio
Para fazer comentários sobre a documentação deste produto, você também pode enviar um e-mail para
doc-team@suse.com
. Inclua o título do documento, a versão do produto e a data de publicação da documentação. Para relatar erros ou fazer sugestões de melhorias, descreva resumidamente o problema e informe o respectivo número de seção e página (ou URL).
3 Convenções da documentação #
Os seguintes avisos e convenções tipográficas são usados nesta documentação:
/etc/passwd
: nomes de diretório e arquivoMARCADOR: substitua MARCADOR pelo valor real
PATH
: a variável de ambiente PATHls
,--help
: comandos, opções e parâmetrosuser
: usuários ou gruposnome do pacote : nome de um pacote
Alt, Alt–F1: uma tecla ou uma combinação de teclas a serem pressionadas; as teclas são mostradas em letras maiúsculas como aparecem no teclado
AMD/Intel Este parágrafo é relevante apenas para a arquitetura AMD64/Intel 64. As setas marcam o início e o fim do bloco de texto.
IBM Z, POWER Este parágrafo é relevante apenas para as arquiteturas
Z
ePOWER
da IBM. As setas marcam o início e o fim do bloco de texto.Pinguins Dançarinos (Capítulo Pinguins, ↑Outro Manual): É uma referência a um capítulo de outro manual.
Comandos que devem ser executados com privilégios
root
. Geralmente, você também pode usar o comandosudo
como prefixo nesses comandos para executá-los como usuário não privilegiado.root #
command
tux >
sudo command
Comandos que podem ser executados por usuários sem privilégios.
tux >
command
Avisos
Atenção: Mensagem de AvisoInformações vitais que você deve saber antes de continuar. Avisa sobre problemas de segurança, potencial perda de dados, danos no hardware ou perigos físicos.
Importante: Aviso ImportanteInformações importantes que você deve saber antes de continuar.
Nota: LembreteInformações adicionais, por exemplo, sobre diferenças nas versões do software.
Dica: DicaInformações úteis, como uma diretriz ou informação prática.
Parte I Introduction #
- 1 Noções básicas sobre a área de trabalho do GNOME
Esta seção descreve as convenções, o layout e as tarefas comuns da área de trabalho do GNOME, conforme implementado no seu produto.
- 2 Working with Your Desktop
In this chapter you will learn how to work with files and burn CDs. You will also find out how to perform regular tasks with your desktop.
- 3 Personalizando configurações
Você pode mudar a aparência e o comportamento da área de trabalho do GNOME para adequá-la às suas preferências e necessidades. Algumas possíveis mudanças de configurações são:
- 4 Tecnologias assistivas
A área de trabalho do GNOME inclui tecnologias assistivas para dar suporte a usuários com as mais variadas deficiências e necessidades especiais e interagir com os dispositivos comuns de assistência. Este capítulo descreve vários aplicativos com tecnologia assistiva projetados para atender às necessidades dos usuários com deficiências físicas, como visão reduzida ou dificuldades motoras.
1 Noções básicas sobre a área de trabalho do GNOME #
Esta seção descreve as convenções, o layout e as tarefas comuns da área de trabalho do GNOME, conforme implementado no seu produto.
O GNOME é uma interface gráfica de fácil utilização, que pode ser personalizada de acordo com suas necessidades e preferências pessoais. Esta seção descreve a configuração padrão do GNOME. Se você ou o administrador do sistema modificar os padrões, alguns aspectos poderão ser diferentes, como a aparência ou as combinações de teclas.
Algumas versões do SUSE Linux Enterprise incluem três configurações de sessão diferentes com base no GNOME. São elas: GNOME, GNOME Classic e SLE Classic. A versão descrita neste documento é a configuração padrão do SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop denominada SLE Classic.
1.1 Efetuando login #
Em geral, todos os usuários devem se autenticar, exceto se Book “Deployment Guide”, Chapter 16 “Gerenciando usuários com o YaST”.
estiver habilitado para determinado usuário. Nesse caso, o usuário específico será conectado automaticamente quando o sistema for iniciado. Isso poderá economizar algum tempo, principalmente se o computador for usado por uma única pessoa. Isso pode afetar a segurança da conta. O Auto Login pode ser habilitado ou desabilitado durante a instalação ou a qualquer momento, usando o módulo Gerenciamento de Usuários e Grupos do YaST. Para obter mais informações, consulte oSe o computador estiver funcionando em um ambiente de rede e você não for a única pessoa que usa a máquina, geralmente você terá de fornecer seu nome de usuário e senha ao iniciar o sistema.
Se o seu nome aparecer na lista, clique nele.
Se o seu nome de usuário não aparecer na lista, clique em
(Não está na lista?). Em seguida, digite seu nome de usuário e clique em .Digite sua senha e clique em
.
1.1.1 Alternando o tipo de sessão antes do login #
Para tentar uma das outras configurações de sessão do GNOME ou algum outro ambiente de área de trabalho, siga as etapas abaixo.
Na tela de login, clique em seu nome de usuário ou digite-o, como faz normalmente.
Para mudar o tipo de sessão, clique no ícone de engrenagem. Um menu é exibido.
Figura 1.2: Tela de login do GNOME — Tipo de sessão #No menu, selecione uma das entradas. Dependendo da sua configuração, pode haver opções diferentes, mas a seleção padrão é a seguinte.
- GNOME
Configuração do GNOME 3 muito semelhante ao design de upstream. Seu foco é interromper os usuários o mínimo possível. No entanto, a inicialização de aplicativos e a comutação entre eles funcionam de forma diferente das de muitos outros sistemas operacionais de área de trabalho. Ela usa um único painel na parte superior da tela.
- GNOME Classic
Configuração do GNOME 3 desenvolvida para atrair os usuários antigos do GNOME 2. A área de trabalho tem dois painéis, um na parte superior e outro na parte inferior.
- IceWM
Área de trabalho bem básica desenvolvida para usar poucos recursos. Ela poderá ser usada como fallback, se outras opções não funcionarem ou ficarem muito lentas.
- SLE Classic (padrão)
A área de trabalho padrão do SUSE Linux Enterprise, desenvolvida para atrair usuários de versões mais antigas do SUSE Linux Enterprise e usuários do Microsoft* Windows*. Essa área de trabalho é uma configuração do GNOME 3 e usa um único painel posicionado na parte inferior da tela.
Digite sua senha na caixa de texto e clique em
.
Após alternar para outro tipo de sessão uma vez, a sessão escolhida se tornará a sessão padrão. Para revertê-lo, repita as etapas acima.
1.1.2 Ferramentas assistivas #
No canto superior direito, há os ícones de status e o menu de tecnologias assistivas. Ao clicar nos ícones de status, é aberto um menu que permite definir o volume do som e reiniciar ou desligar a máquina.
1.2 Itens básicos da área de trabalho #
A área de trabalho do GNOME aparece depois que você efetua login pela primeira vez. Ela mostra um painel na parte inferior com os seguintes elementos (da esquerda para a direita):
- Menu Aplicativos
Clique em
no canto esquerdo para abrir um menu com todos os programas instalados. Eles são classificados em categorias diferentes para melhor visualização. Os subitens são abertos automaticamente quando você posiciona o mouse sobre eles.Clique em
na parte inferior do menu para abrir a visão geral de atividades, de onde é possível iniciar programas e gerenciar os que já estão em execução.Há uma descrição mais detalhada da visão geral de atividades na Seção 1.2.1, “Visão geral de atividades”.
- Menu Lugares
Clique em
para abrir um menu com atalhos aos seus diretórios pessoais, mídias de armazenamento conectadas e recursos de rede.- Alternador de tarefas
Todos os aplicativos que estiverem abertos na área de trabalho (na área de trabalho ativa) serão exibidos no meio do painel. É possível colocar esses aplicativos em primeiro plano clicando nos nomes deles.
- Indicador de notificação (nem sempre visível)
Quando há notificações, por exemplo, de novas mensagens de e-mail ou bate-papo, ou referentes a atualizações de sistema, é exibido um indicador. O indicador é um círculo azul com o número de notificações disponíveis exibido no meio. Clique no indicador para abrir a Bandeja de Mensagens, na qual é possível interagir com todas as notificações.
- Alternador de áreas de trabalho
Esse menu permite selecionar uma área de trabalho (também chamada de área de trabalho virtual) na qual trabalhar. Esse recurso ajuda você a trabalhar com muitas janelas. Por exemplo, é possível mover as janelas necessárias de um projeto para a área de trabalho 1, e as de outro projeto para a área de trabalho 2.
- Data e horário
O·dia·atual·da·semana·e·o·horário·aparecem·à·direita·do·alternador de áreas de trabalho. Clique nele para abrir um menu no qual você pode acessar um calendário e ajustar as configurações de data e horário.
- Ícones de status
No canto direito do painel, são exibidos ícones que mostram o status atual da conexão de rede, o volume do som e o status de energia/bateria.
Clique nos ícones para abrir um menu no qual é possível ajustar o volume do som, o brilho da tela, a conexão de rede e as configurações de energia. Clique nele para exibir as opções de logout ou troca de usuário.
Os três ícones na parte inferior do menu permitem, da esquerda para a direita, abrir a caixa de diálogo Configurações do GNOME, bloquear a tela e desligar ou reiniciar o computador.
1.2.1 Visão geral de atividades #
A visão geral de atividades é um modo de tela inteira que engloba todas as formas de comutação entre uma atividade e outra. Ela apresenta visualizações de todas as janelas abertas e ícones dos aplicativos favoritos e em execução. Ela também integra as funcionalidades de pesquisa e navegação.
1.2.1.1 Abrindo a visão geral de atividades #
Há várias formas de abrir a visão geral de atividades:
Abra o menu
no painel inferior e selecione .Pressione Meta.
Mova vigorosamente o cursor do mouse até o canto superior esquerdo (denominado hot corner).
1.2.1.2 Usando a visão geral de atividades #
A seguir, há uma explicação das partes mais importantes da visão geral de atividades.
- Painel
Painel é a barra posicionada na parte central esquerda. Ele inclui os aplicativos favoritos e todos os aplicativos com janelas abertas. Se você mover o ponteiro do mouse sobre um dos ícones, o GNOME exibirá o nome do aplicativo correspondente próximo. Uma luz clara indica que o aplicativo está em execução e tem, no mínimo, uma janela aberta.
Clique o botão direito do mouse em um ícone para abrir um menu com ações diferentes, dependendo do programa associado. Usando a opção
, é possível inserir o ícone do aplicativo no Painel permanentemente. Para remover o ícone de um programa do Painel, selecione . Para reposicionar um ícone, use o mouse para arrastá-lo até a nova posição.- Caixa de pesquisa
Na parte superior, há uma caixa de pesquisa que você pode usar para localizar aplicativos, configurações e arquivos em seu diretório pessoal.
Para pesquisar, você não precisa clicar na caixa de pesquisa. Você poderá começar a digitar diretamente após abrir a visão geral de atividades. A pesquisa começa imediatamente, você não precisa pressionar Enter.
- Seletor de área de trabalho
À direita, há uma visão geral das áreas de trabalho disponíveis. Para alternar para a área de trabalho selecionada, clique na respectiva visualização.
Para mover uma janela de uma área de trabalho para outra, arraste a visualização da janela de uma visualização da área de trabalho para outra.
1.2.2 Iniciando programas #
Para iniciar um programa, você tem várias opções:
No painel inferior, clique em
e selecione o programa desejado no menu hierárquico.Abra a visão geral de atividades pressionando Meta. Agora, clique no ícone do aplicativo ou pesquise um aplicativo. Se você não sabe o nome exato do aplicativo, pode pesquisar nomes de categoria genéricos, como “editor de imagens”.
Há mais informações sobre a visão geral de atividades na Seção 1.2.1, “Visão geral de atividades”.
Se você sabe o comando exato para iniciar o programa, pressione Alt–F2, digite o comando na caixa de diálogo e pressione Enter.
Observe que o único botão exibido na janela é denominado
, que fecha a janela realmente.
1.3 Pausando ou concluindo sua sessão #
Quando você termina de usar o computador, há várias formas de concluir a sessão. Qual forma é ideal em determinada situação depende de quanto tempo você fica ausente e se você está preocupado com o consumo de energia, dentre outras coisas.
Bloquear o computador. Pause a sessão, mas mantenha o computador ligado. Garanta que ninguém veja ou mude seu trabalho enquanto estiver fora durante um intervalo. Outros usuários podem efetuar login e trabalhar nesse meio tempo. Outros usuários podem encerrar o computador, mas um prompt os avisará que você ainda está conectado.
Efetuar logout. Conclua a sessão atual, mas deixe o computador ligado para que outros usuários possam efetuar login.
Desligar. Conclua a sessão atual e desligue o computador.
Reiniciar. Conclua a sessão atual e reinicie o computador. A reinicialização é necessária para aplicar algumas atualizações de sistema.
Suspender o computador. Pause a sessão e coloque o computador em um estado no qual ele consuma o mínimo de energia. É possível configurar o modo de suspensão para bloquear sua tela, assim ninguém poderá ver nem modificar seu trabalho. Geralmente, o acionamento do computador é muito mais rápido do que sua inicialização completa.
Esse modo também é conhecido como suspender para RAM, adormecido ou standby.
1.3.1 Bloqueando a tela #
Para bloquear a tela, clique nos ícones de status à direita do painel principal e clique no ícone de cadeado.
Quando você bloqueia a tela, aparece primeiro uma cortina com relógio. Depois de algum tempo, a tela ficará preta. Para desbloquear a tela, mova o mouse ou pressione uma tecla para exibir a caixa de diálogo da tela bloqueada. Digite sua senha e pressione Enter para desbloquear a tela.
1.3.2 Efetuando logout ou alternando usuários #
Clique nos ícones de status à direita do painel principal para abrir o menu.
Clique em seu nome de usuário.
Selecione uma das seguintes opções:
- Efetuar Logout
Faz com que você efetue logout da sessão atual e retorne à tela de Login.
- Alternar Usuário
Suspende sua sessão, permitindo que outro usuário efetue login e use o computador.
- Configurações de conta
Você será levado às configurações do usuário onde poderá mudar a senha.
1.3.3 Reiniciando ou encerrando o computador #
Clique nos ícones de status à direita do painel principal para abrir o menu.
Clique no ícone Desligar na parte inferior direita do menu.
Selecione uma das seguintes opções:
- Desligar
Efetua seu logout da sessão atual e desliga o computador.
- Reiniciar
Efetua seu logout da sessão atual e reinicia o computador.
1.3.4 Suspendendo o computador #
Clique nos ícones de status à direita do painel principal para abrir o menu.
Mantenha a tecla Alt pressionada. O ícone de liga/desliga na parte inferior direita do menu muda para um ícone de pausa. Clique no ícone de pausa.
2 Working with Your Desktop #
In this chapter you will learn how to work with files and burn CDs. You will also find out how to perform regular tasks with your desktop.
2.1 Managing Files and Directories #
You can open GNOME Files in multiple ways:
Click
› › .Open the Activities Overview and search for
files
.On the desktop, double-click
.Open the
menu and select any entry, such as .
The elements of the GNOME Files window include the following:
- Toolbar
The toolbar contains back and forward buttons, the path bar, a search function, elements to let you change the layout of the content area, and the application menu.
- Menu
The menu is the last icon on the toolbar. It lets you perform many tasks, such as opening the preferences dialog, creating a new directory or opening a new window or tab.
- Sidebar
The sidebar lets you navigate between often-used directories and external or network storage devices. To display or hide the sidebar, press F9.
- Content Area
Displays files and directories.
Use the icons in the top right part of the window to switch between list and grid icon view.
- Context Menus
Open a context menu by right-clicking inside the content area. The items in this menu depend on where you right-click.
For example, if you right-click a file or directory, you can select items related to the file or directory. If you right-click the background of a content area, you can select items related to the display of items in the content area.
- Floating Statusbar
The floating statusbar appears when a file is selected. It displays the file name and size.
2.1.1 Key Combinations #
The following table lists a selection of key combinations of GNOME Files.
Key Combination |
Description |
---|---|
Alt–←/ Alt–→ |
Go backward/go forward. |
Alt–↑ |
Open the parent directory. |
←, →, ↑, ↓ |
Select an item. |
Alt–↓ or Enter |
Open an item. |
Alt–Enter |
Open an item's dialog. |
Shift–Alt–↓ |
Open an item and close the current directory. |
Ctrl–L |
Transform the path bar from a button view to a text box. Exit this mode by pressing Enter (go to the location) or Esc (to remain in the current directory). |
/ |
Transform the path bar from a button view to a text box and replace
the current path with |
Alt–Home |
Open your home directory. |
Any number or letter key |
Start a search within the current directories and their subdirectories. The character you pressed is used as the first character of the search term. Search happens as you type, you do not need to press Enter. |
Ctrl–T |
Start a search within the current directories and their subdirectories. The character you pressed is used as the first character of the search term. Search happens as you type, you do not need to press Enter. |
Del |
Moves the selected file or directory to the trash, from which it can be restored with . |
2.1.2 Compressing Files or Directories #
Sometimes, it is useful to archive or compress files, for example:
You want to attach an entire directory, including its subdirectories, to an e-mail.
You want to attach a large file to an e-mail.
You want to save space on your hard disk and have files you rarely use.
In all these cases, you can create a compressed file, such as a ZIP file, which can contain multiple original files. How much smaller the compressed version is than the original depends on the file type. Many video, image and office document formats are already compressed and will only become marginally smaller.
In the GNOME Files content area, right-click the directory you want to archive, then click
.Accept the default archive file name or provide a new one.
Select a file extension from the drop-down box.
.zip
files are supported on most operating systems, including Windows*..tar.gz
files are compatible with most Linux* and Unix* systems..7z
files usually offer better compression ratios than other formats, but are not as widely supported.
Specify a location for the archive file, then click
.
To extract an archived file, right-click the file, then select
. You can also double-click the compressed file to open it and see which files are included.For more information on compressed files, see Seção 2.10, “Creating, Displaying, and Decompressing Archives”.
2.1.3 Burning a CD/DVD #
If your system has a CD or DVD writer, you can use GNOME Files to burn CDs and DVDs. If you want to burn an audio CD or need more control over the result, see Capítulo 20, Brasero: Burning CDs and DVDs.
Open GNOME Files.
Insert a blank medium.
Find the files you want to add to the medium and drag them to the sidebar item called
. (The label may read slightly differently, depending on the type of medium you inserted.) When your mouse pointer is over the sidebar item, a small+
should appear next to the pointer.When you have dragged all files onto the sidebar item
, click it.Provide a name next to
or keep the proposal.Click
.In the appearing dialog
, make sure the right medium is selected. Then click .The files are burned to the disc. This can take a few minutes, depending on the amount of data being burned and the speed of your burner.
After the medium has been burned, it will be ejected from the drive. In the window
, you can click .
To burn an ISO disc image, first insert a medium, then double-click the ISO file in GNOME Files. In the dialog
, click .2.1.4 Creating a Bookmark #
Use the bookmarks feature in GNOME Files to quickly jump to your favorite directories from the sidebar.
Switch to the directory for which you want to create a bookmark in the content area.
Click the list icon, then select
from the menu.The bookmark now appears in the sidebar, with the directory name as the bookmark name.
(Opcional) If you want, you can change the name of the bookmark. This does not affect the name of the bookmarked directory itself. To change the name, right-click the new sidebar item and select .
(Opcional) If you want, you can change the order in which the bookmarks are displayed. To reorder, click a bookmark and drag it to the desired location.
To switch to a bookmarked directory, click the appropriate sidebar item.
2.1.5 Accessing Remote Files #
You can use GNOME Files to access files on remote servers. For more information, see Capítulo 5, Accessing Network Resources.
2.2 Accessing Removable Media #
To access CDs/DVDs or flash disks, insert or attach the medium. An icon for the medium is automatically created on the desktop. For many types of removable media, a GNOME Files window pops up automatically. If GNOME Files does not open, double-click the icon for that drive on the desktop to view the contents. In GNOME Files, you will see an item for the medium in the sidebar.
Do not physically remove flash disks immediately after using them. Even when the system does not indicate that data is being written, the drive may not be finished with a previous operation.
In the sidebar of GNOME Files, click the Eject icon next to the medium to safely remove or unmount the drive.
2.3 Searching for Files #
There are multiple ways to search for files or directories. In all cases, the search will be performed on file and directory names. Searching by file size, modification date and other properties is only partially possible in the preinstalled graphical tools. Such searches are easier to do on the command line.
- Using GNOME Files
In GNOME Files, navigate to the directory from which you want to start the search. Then start typing the search term. To search for objects with a certain modification date or file type, click the arrow-down icon of the search box and modify the properties.
- Using the Activities Overview
Open the Activities Overview by pressing Meta. Then start typing the search term. The search will be performed within your home directory.
- Using the Desktop Search application
Click
› › . Enter the search term in the text box . The search will be performed within your home directory.
2.4 Copying Text Between Applications #
Copy and paste works the same as in other operating systems. First select the text, so that it appears highlighted, usually in blue. Then press Ctrl–C. Now move the keyboard focus to the right position. Finally, to insert the text, press Ctrl–V.
To copy or paste in the terminal, additionally press Shift together with the above key combinations.
An alternative way of using copy and paste is described in the following. First select the text. To paste the text, middle-click over the position where you want the text to be pasted. As soon as you make another selection, the text from the original selection will be replaced in the clipboard.
When copying information between programs, you must keep the source program open and paste the text before closing it. When a program closes, any content from that application that is on the clipboard is lost.
2.5 Managing Internet Connections #
To surf the Web or send and receive e-mail messages, you must have configured an Internet connection. If you have installed SUSE Linux Enterprise Server on a laptop or a mobile device, NetworkManager is enabled by default. On the GNOME desktop, you can then establish Internet connections with NetworkManager as described in Book “Administration Guide”, Chapter 38 “Using NetworkManager”, Section 38.3 “Configuring Network Connections”.
Depending on your environment, you can choose in YaST which basic service to use for setting up network connections (either NetworkManager or wicked). For details, see Book “Administration Guide”, Chapter 17 “Basic Networking”, Section 17.4.1.1 “Configuring Global Networking Options”.
2.6 Exploring the Internet #
The GNOME desktop includes Firefox, a Mozilla*-based Web browser. You can start it by clicking
› › .You can type an address into the location bar at the top or click links in a page to move to different pages, like in any other Web browser.
For more information, see Capítulo 14, Firefox: navegando na Web.
2.7 E-mail and Scheduling #
For reading and managing your mail and events, use Evolution. Evolution is a groupware program that makes it easy to store, organize and retrieve your personal information.
Evolution seamlessly combines e-mail, a calendar, an address book, and a memo and task list in one easy-to-use application. With its extensive support for communications and data interchange standards, Evolution can work with existing corporate networks and applications, including Microsoft* Exchange.
To start Evolution, click
› › .The first time you start Evolution, it prompts you with a few questions to set up a mail account and import mail from an old mail client. Then it shows you how many new messages you have and lists upcoming appointments and tasks. The calendar, address book and mail tools are available in the shortcut bar on the left.
For more information, see Capítulo 15, Evolution: E-Mailing and Calendaring.
2.8 Opening or Creating Documents with LibreOffice #
For creating and editing documents, LibreOffice is installed with the GNOME desktop. LibreOffice is a complete set of office tools that can both read and save Microsoft Office file formats. LibreOffice has a word processor, a spreadsheet, a database, a drawing tool and a presentation program.
To start LibreOffice, click
› › .For more information, see Capítulo 10, LibreOffice: The Office Suite.
2.9 Controlling Your Desktop’s Power Management #
To see the state of the computer battery on your laptop, check the battery icon in the right part of the panel. On certain events, such as a critically low battery state, GNOME will display notifications informing you about the event.
You can open the power settings via
› › › .For more information, see Seção 3.3.2, “Definindo configurações de energia”.
2.10 Creating, Displaying, and Decompressing Archives #
You can use the Archive Manager application (also known as File Roller) to
create, view, modify or unpack an archive. An archive is a file that acts as
a container for other files. An archive can contain many files, directories
and subdirectories, usually in compressed form. Archive Manager supports
common formats such as zip
,
tar.gz
, tar.bz2
,
lzh
, and rar
. You can use Archive
Manager to create, open and extract a compressed non-archive file.
To start Archive Manager, click
› › .If you already have a compressed file, double-click the file name in GNOME Files to view the contents of the archive in Archive Manager.
2.10.1 Opening an Archive #
In Archive Manager, click
.Select the archive you want to open.
Click
.Archive Manager displays the following:
The archive name in the titlebar.
The archive contents in the content area.
To open another archive, click
again. Archive Manager opens each archive in a new window. To open another archive in the same window, you must first select from the menu in the right part of the window to close the current archive, then click .If you try to open an archive that was created in a format that Archive Manager does not recognize, the application displays an error message.
To display the archive's properties, click the last icon in the titlebar and select
. Details like name, location, type, last modification, number of files, size, and compression ratio are shown.
2.10.2 Extracting Files from an Archive #
In Archive Manager, select the files that you want to extract.
Click
.Specify the directory where Archive Manager will extracts the files.
Choose from the following extraction options:
Option
Description
All files
Extracts all files from the archive.
Selected files
Extracts the selected files from the archive.
Files
Extracts from the archive all files that match the specified pattern.
Keep directory structure
Reconstructs the directory structure when extracting the specified files.
For example, you specify
/tmp
in the text box and extract all files. The archive contains a subdirectory calleddoc
. If you select the option, Archive Manager extracts the contents of the subdirectory to/tmp/doc
.If you do not select the
option, Archive Manager does not create any subdirectories. Instead, it extracts all files from the archive, including files from subdirectories, to/tmp
.Do not overwrite newer files
If not active, the Archive Manager overwrites any files in the destination directory that have the same name as the specified files.
If you select this option, Archive Manager does not extract the specified file if an existing file with the same name already exists in the destination directory.
Click
.To extract an archived file in a file manager window without opening Archive Manager, right-click the file and select
.The Extract operation extracts a copy of the specified files from the archive. The extracted files have the same permissions and modification date as the original files that were added to the archive.
The Extract operation does not change the contents of the archive.
2.10.3 Creating Archives #
In Archive Manager, click the main menu icon in the top left part of the window and select
.Specify the name and location of the new archive.
Select an archive type from the drop-down box.
Click
.Archive Manager creates an empty archive, but does not yet write the archive to disk. Archive Manager writes a new archive to disk only when the archive contains at least one file. If you create a new archive and quit Archive Manager before you add any files to the archive, the archive will be deleted.
Add files and directories to the new archive:
Click
and select the files or directories you want to add.Click
.Archive Manager adds the files to the current directory in the archive.
You can also add files to an archive in a file manager window without opening Archive Manager. See Seção 2.1.2, “Compressing Files or Directories” for more information.
2.11 Taking Screenshots #
You can take a snapshot of your screen or of an individual application window by using the Take Screenshots utility. Start it by pressing Print to take a screenshot of the entire desktop or by pressing Alt–Print to take a screenshot of the currently active window or dialog.
The screenshots are automatically saved to your
~/Pictures
directory.
You can also use GIMP to take screenshots. (For more information on GIMP, see Capítulo 18, GIMP: Manipulating Graphics). In GIMP, click › › , select an area, choose a delay and then click .
2.12 Viewing PDF Files #
Documents that need to be shared or printed across platforms can be saved as PDF (Portable Document Format) files. Document Viewer (also known as Evince) can open PDF files and many similar file types, such as XPS, DjVu, or TIFF.
In rare cases, documents will not be displayed correctly in Document Viewer. This can happen, for example, with certain forms, animations or 3D images. In such cases, ask the authors of the file what viewer they recommend. However, in some cases the recommended viewer will not work on Linux.
To open Document Viewer, double-click a PDF file in a file manager window. Document Viewer will also open when you download a PDF file from a Web site. To open Document Viewer without a file, select
› › .To view a PDF file in Document Viewer, click the cog wheel icon to open the menu and select
. Now locate the desired PDF file and click .Use the navigation icons at the top of the window or the thumbnails in the left panel to navigate through the document. If your PDF document provides bookmarks, you can access them in the left panel of the viewer.
2.13 Obtaining Software Updates #
When you connect to the Internet, the updater applet automatically checks whether software updates for your system are available. When important updates are available, you will receive a notification on your desktop.
For detailed information on how to install software updates with the updater applet and how to configure it, refer to the chapter about installing and removing software in Book “Deployment Guide”, Chapter 13 “Instalando ou removendo software”, Section 13.5 “Mantendo o sistema atualizado”.
2.14 For More Information #
Along with the applications described in this chapter for getting started, you can use many other applications on GNOME. Find detailed information about these applications in the other parts of this manual.
To learn more about GNOME and GNOME applications, see http://www.gnome.org.
To report bugs or add feature requests, go to http://bugzilla.gnome.org.
3 Personalizando configurações #
Você pode mudar a aparência e o comportamento da área de trabalho do GNOME para adequá-la às suas preferências e necessidades. Algumas possíveis mudanças de configurações são:
Configuração de teclado e mouse, conforme descrito na Seção 3.3.3, “Modificando os atalhos de teclado” e na Seção 3.3.4, “Configurando o mouse e o touchpad”
Segundo plano da área de trabalho, conforme descrito na Seção 3.2.1, “Mudando o segundo plano da área de trabalho”
Sons, conforme descrito na Seção 3.3.7, “Definindo configurações de som”
É possível mudar essas e outras configurações na caixa de diálogo
.3.1 Caixa de diálogo Configurações do GNOME #
O YaST é uma ferramenta de todo o sistema independente da área de trabalho usada para configurar a maioria dos aspectos de instalação do produto, já a caixa de diálogo de configurações é uma ferramenta de configuração do GNOME com foco mais voltado à aparência, configurações pessoais e preferências da área de trabalho do GNOME.
Para acessar a caixa de diálogo de configurações do GNOME, clique em
› › . A caixa de diálogo é dividida nestas três categorias:Nessa categoria, você pode mudar o segundo plano da área de trabalho ou a tela de bloqueio e definir as configurações de idioma. Para obter mais informações, consulte a Seção 3.2, “Pessoal”.
Permite configurar componentes de hardware, como monitores, impressoras, mouses/touchpads, adaptadores de rede e dispositivos de som. É possível também mudar as configurações de combinação de teclas e configurar recursos de economia de energia. Para obter mais informações, consulte a Seção 3.3, “Hardware”.
Permite definir configurações do sistema, como data e horário, se é para iniciar o software ao inserir discos flash ou compartilhar sua tela com outras pessoas. É possível também configurar contas de usuários. É possível também iniciar o YaST dessa tela, embora ele também esteja disponível separadamente no menu. Para obter mais informações, consulte a Seção 3.4, “Sistema”.
Para mudar algumas configurações de todo o sistema, o centro de controle solicita a senha root
e inicia o YaST. Essas configurações geralmente referem-se ao administrador (incluindo quase todo o hardware, a interface gráfica de usuário, acesso à Internet, configurações de segurança, administração de usuário, instalação de software, atualizações e informações do sistema). Siga as instruções no YaST para definir essas configurações. Para obter informações sobre o uso do YaST, consulte os textos da ajuda integrada do YaST ou o Book “Deployment Guide”.
Este capítulo explica as configurações individuais que você pode mudar diretamente na caixa de diálogo Configurações do GNOME, sem precisar usar o YaST.
3.2 Pessoal #
As seções a seguir apresentam exemplos de como configurar alguns aspectos pessoais da área de trabalho do GNOME, como idiomas usados ou fundo da área de trabalho.
3.2.1 Mudando o segundo plano da área de trabalho #
O segundo plano é a imagem ou a cor aplicada à área de trabalho. Você também pode personalizar a imagem que aparece quando a tela está bloqueada.
Para mudar o fundo da área de trabalho ou a tela de bloqueio:
Clique em
› › › .Clique em
ou .Clique em
(Papéis de Parede), ou .Os papéis de parede são imagens pré-configuradas distribuídas com o sistema. Imagens são suas próprias imagens do diretório
Pictures
(~/Pictures
). Cores são as cores predefinidas escolhidas por desenvolvedores do GNOME.Escolha uma opção na lista.
Quando estiver satisfeito com suas escolhas, clique em
.
3.2.2 Definindo configurações de idioma #
É possível configurar o SUSE Linux Enterprise Server para usar qualquer um dos vários idiomas. A configuração de idioma determina o idioma das caixas de diálogo e dos menus, e também pode determinar o layout do teclado e do relógio.
Para definir as configurações de idioma, clique em
› › › .Nesse local, é possível escolher:
Idioma da interface.
Formatos de data e número, moeda e opções relacionadas.
Fontes de entrada (layout do teclado). Para idiomas não alfabéticos, pode haver outras configurações.
ibus-setup
não têm efeito
No GNOME, as configurações feitas usando ibus-setup
não têm efeito. Apenas é possível usar o ibus-setup
para configurar o IceWM. Em vez disso, use sempre o aplicativo de :
Para mudar os métodos de entrada, use o painel
.Para mudar a combinação de teclas que alterna entre os métodos de entrada, use o painel
. Nele, escolha a categoria e a entrada .
3.3 Hardware #
Nas seções a seguir você encontra exemplos de como configurar alguns aspectos de hardware da área de trabalho do GNOME, como as preferências de teclado ou mouse, o manuseio de unidades removíveis ou a resolução de tela.
3.3.1 Definindo configurações de Bluetooth #
O módulo Bluetooth permite definir a visibilidade da sua máquina por Bluetooth e conectar-se aos dispositivos Bluetooth disponíveis. Para configurar a conectividade Bluetooth, siga estas etapas:
Clique em
› › › para abrir o módulo de configurações de Bluetooth.Para usar Bluetooth, ative o switch
.Para tornar seu computador visível por Bluetooth, ative o switch
. O computador inicia a pesquisa por outros dispositivos Bluetooth visíveis nas proximidades e exibe os resultados na lista . A princípio, a lista pode estar vazia.Nota: Visibilidade temporáriaO switch
foi criado para ser usado apenas temporariamente. Você somente precisa ativá-lo para a configuração inicial de uma conexão com um dispositivo Bluetooth. Depois que a conexão for estabelecida, desative o switch.No dispositivo que você deseja conectar, ative a conectividade e visibilidade por Bluetooth.
Se o dispositivo desejado foi encontrado e aparece na lista, clique nele para estabelecer uma conexão.
Você deverá confirmar se os PINs dos dois dispositivos correspondem.
Em caso afirmativo, confirme isso tanto no computador quanto no dispositivo.
Ambos agora estão emparelhados. No computador, o dispositivo aparece na lista como
.Dependendo do tipo de dispositivo, você pode vê-lo agora como um dispositivo de armazenamento no GNOME Files, definir um volume para ele nas configurações de Som, etc.
Para conectar-se a um dispositivo Bluetooth emparelhado, selecione-o na lista. Na caixa de diálogo que aparece, ative o switch
. É possível enviar arquivos ao dispositivo conectado usando o botão . Se você estiver conectado a um dispositivo como celular, poderá usá-lo como dispositivo de rede ativando a opção apropriada.Para remover um dispositivo conectado da lista no computador, clique em
e confirme a opção. Para remover o emparelhamento completamente, você também precisa removê-lo do dispositivo.3.3.2 Definindo configurações de energia #
Clique em
› › › para abrir o módulo de configurações de Energia.Na parte superior da caixa de diálogo, você vê o estado atual da bateria.
Na seção
da caixa de diálogo, defina o para economizar energia. É possível também definir se é para escurecer a tela após um período de inatividade e especificar o intervalo de tempo. Você também pode definir se é para desligar a rede wireless após o período de inatividade.Na seção do
da caixa de diálogo, defina a . Ao clicar nessa opção, uma caixa de diálogo separada é aberta.Nela, é possível ativar intervalos de suspensão automáticos e de horário associados. Se você estiver usando um computador com bateria, poderá definir essas opções separadamente para quando o computador estiver executando com energia de bateria ou ligado na tomada.
É possível também definir a ação executada ao pressionar o botão de energia. Escolha
para usar um modo no qual o computador é desligado completamente, mas grava sua sessão ativa no disco rígido. Se preferir, escolha ou .
3.3.3 Modificando os atalhos de teclado #
Para modificar os atalhos de teclado, clique
› › › .A caixa de diálogo
mostra os atalhos de teclado que são configurados no sistema. Clique nas categorias à direita para ver os atalhos atuais.Para editar uma combinação de teclas, primeiro clique na linha. Para definir uma nova combinação de teclas, pressione as teclas. Para desabilitar um atalho, em vez disso, pressione <—.
Para configurar as opções de acessibilidade de teclado, consulte a Seção 4.4, “Deficiências de mobilidade”. Para configurar o layout de teclado, consulte a Seção 3.2.2, “Definindo configurações de idioma”.
3.3.4 Configurando o mouse e o touchpad #
Para modificar as opções de mouse e touchpad, clique em
› › › .Na seção
da caixa de diálogo, você pode definir a orientação do (esquerda ou direita).Na seção
da caixa de diálogo, use a opção de para ajustar a sensibilidade do ponteiro do mouse.Na seção
da caixa de diálogo, é possível ligar e desligar o touchpad. Use a opção de para ajustar a sensibilidade do ponteiro do touchpad. Também é possível desabilitar o touchpad ao digitar e habilitar cliques tocando no touchpad.Para testar as configurações, clique em
e teste o dispositivo apontador.
Para saber a configuração das opções de acessibilidade do mouse, consulte a Seção 4.4, “Deficiências de mobilidade”.
3.3.5 Instalando e configurando impressoras #
O módulo
permite conectar-se a qualquer servidor CUPS local ou remoto disponível e configurar impressoras.Para iniciar o módulo Impressoras, clique em Capítulo 6, Gerenciando impressoras.
› › › . Para obter informações detalhadas, consulte o3.3.6 Configurando telas #
Para especificar resolução e orientação da tela ou configurar várias telas, clique em
› › › .Para encontrar o monitor certo, procure os números exibidos no canto superior esquerdo de todos os monitores depois que você abrir a caixa de diálogo
. Para definir as opções de um monitor, clique no item do monitor na lista. Uma nova caixa de diálogo é aberta.Se forem conectados vários monitores ao computador, a parte esquerda da caixa de diálogo permitirá escolher como usá-los. É possível escolher entre:
A tela que mostra o painel e mensagens importantes.
Um monitor que expande a área de trabalho do monitor principal.
Um monitor que espelha a imagem no monitor principal. Em termos de resolução, o menor denominador comum será usado.
Uma tela que não é usada.
Para girar a imagem exibida, use os botões com as setas apontando para a esquerda e direita. Para espelhar a imagem exibida, use o botão com o ícone de seta dupla.
É possível definir uma resolução diferente mudando o valor de
. Nem todas as resoluções geram uma imagem nítida e sem distorções. Para descobrir a melhor resolução para o seu monitor, consulte o manual.Ao concluir, clique em
.Os monitores serão reajustados. Isso pode levar vários segundos, e a tela poderá ficar preta ou distorcida durante esse tempo.
Em seguida, uma caixa de diálogo de confirmação será exibida.
Se a configuração estiver correta, clique em
(Manter Mudanças).Se a configuração não estiver como você deseja, clique em
(Reverter Configurações) ou aguarde 20 segundos. As mudanças serão revertidas.
Se você usa várias telas, configure como elas serão organizadas para que possa usar o ponteiro do mouse apropriadamente entre os monitores.
Clique em
(Organizar Telas Combinadas).Para encontrar o monitor certo, procure os números exibidos no canto superior esquerdo de todos os monitores. Clique na imagem do monitor e arraste-a para movê-la.
Ao concluir, clique em
.Se a configuração estiver correta, clique em
(Manter Mudanças).Se a configuração não estiver como você deseja, clique em
(Reverter Configurações) ou aguarde 20 segundos. As mudanças serão revertidas.
3.3.7 Definindo configurações de som #
A ferramenta
permite gerenciar dispositivos de som e definir efeitos sonoros. Na parte superior da caixa de diálogo, é possível selecionar o volume de saída geral ou desligar o som completamente.Para abrir as configurações de som, clique em
› › › .3.3.7.1 Configurando dispositivos de som #
Use a guia
para selecionar o dispositivo de saída de som. Abaixo da lista, escolha a configuração de dispositivo de som de sua preferência, por exemplo, balanço.Use a guia
para definir o volume do dispositivo de entrada ou colocar a entrada temporariamente no mudo. Se você tem mais de um dispositivo de som, poderá também selecionar o dispositivo padrão de entrada de áudio na lista .3.3.7.2 Configurando efeitos sonoros #
Use a guia
para configurar se é para reproduzir um som, e como reproduzi-lo, quando aparecerem caixas de mensagem.Especifique o volume no qual reproduzir os efeitos sonoros em
. Você também pode ativar e desativar os efeitos.Selecione o
para usar.3.3.8 Projeto de Rede #
Para configurar opções de rede, clique em
› › › .Na caixa de diálogo exibida, é possível configurar conexões com fio ou wireless, proxies e VPNs.
Para saber mais sobre a configuração de conexões de rede, consulte o Book “Administration Guide”, Chapter 38 “Using NetworkManager”.
3.4 Sistema #
Nas próximas seções, você encontrará exemplos de como configurar alguns aspectos do sistema da área de trabalho do GNOME. Alguns deles são aplicativos preferenciais, mudança de senha de usuário e preferências de compartilhamento de sessão.
Para saber mais como configurar as tecnologias assistivas, consulte o Capítulo 4, Tecnologias assistivas.
3.4.1 Mudando sua senha #
Por motivos de segurança, convém mudar a senha de login periodicamente. Para mudar sua senha:
Clique em
› › › .Clique no botão com pontos ao lado de
.Na primeira caixa de texto, digite sua senha atual.
Na próxima caixa de texto, digite uma nova senha.
É possível também clicar no ícone de engrenagem no fim da caixa de texto para gerar uma senha aleatória.
Digite outra vez a nova senha na última caixa de texto para confirmá-la.
Clique em
.
3.4.2 Configurando aplicativos preferenciais #
Para mudar o aplicativo padrão de várias tarefas comuns, como navegação na Internet, envio de e-mails ou reprodução de arquivos multimídia, clique em
› › › .Figura 3.6: Aplicações Preferenciais #Clique em
.Selecione um dos aplicativos disponíveis na caixa suspensa. É possível escolher um aplicativo para gerenciar Web, correio, calendário, música, vídeos ou fotografias.
3.4.4 Definindo configurações administrativas com o YaST #
Para sua conveniência, o YaST está disponível nos dois menus Configurações e Aplicativos do GNOME. Para obter informações sobre o uso do YaST, consulte o Book “Deployment Guide”.
4 Tecnologias assistivas #
A área de trabalho do GNOME inclui tecnologias assistivas para dar suporte a usuários com as mais variadas deficiências e necessidades especiais e interagir com os dispositivos comuns de assistência. Este capítulo descreve vários aplicativos com tecnologia assistiva projetados para atender às necessidades dos usuários com deficiências físicas, como visão reduzida ou dificuldades motoras.
4.1 Habilitando as tecnologias assistivas #
Para configurar os recursos de acessibilidade, abra a caixa de diálogo Configurações do GNOME (por exemplo, em
› › ) e clique em . Cada recurso assistivo pode ser habilitado separadamente nesta caixa de diálogo.Se você precisar de acesso mais direto a cada recurso assistivo, ative
na caixa de diálogo . Um novo menu aparecerá no painel inferior.4.2 Deficiências visuais #
Na seção
(Visão) da caixa de diálogo , é possível habilitar recursos que auxiliam pessoas com dificuldade de visão.A ativação de
habilita os ícones de alto contraste em preto e branco na área de trabalho do GNOME.A ativação de
amplia a fonte usada na interface do usuário.A ativação de
habilita o ampliador de tela. É possível definir o comportamento desejado de ampliação e do ampliador, incluindo os efeitos de cor.Se o
estiver ativado, qualquer elemento de IU ou texto que receber o foco do teclado será lido em voz alta.Se as Num Lockou Caps Lock estiverem ativadas.
estiverem ativadas, será tocado um som sempre que as teclas
4.3 Deficiências auditivas #
Na seção
da caixa de diálogo , é possível habilitar recursos que auxiliam pessoas com dificuldade de audição.Se os
(Alertas Visuais) estiverem ativados, o título de uma janela ou a tela inteira piscará quando ocorrer um som de alerta.4.4 Deficiências de mobilidade #
Nas seções
e (Apontar e Clicar) da caixa de diálogo , é possível habilitar recursos que auxiliam pessoas com deficiências de mobilidade.Se o
estiver ativado, um teclado virtual aparecerá sempre que você precisar digitar texto. É possível usar o teclado na tela clicando nas teclas virtuais.Clique em
para abrir uma caixa de diálogo na qual é possível habilitar vários recursos para facilitar a digitação.Com a opção
, você pode ativar ou desativar os recursos de acessibilidade usando o teclado.As Alt–→| alterna entre as janelas.
permitem digitar combinações de teclas com uma tecla de cada vez, sem ter que pressionar mais de uma tecla ao mesmo tempo. Por exemplo, o atalhoCom as teclas de aderência desativadas, você tem que pressionar e segurar as duas teclas ao mesmo tempo. Com as teclas de aderência ativadas, pressione Alt e depois →| para executar a mesma ação.
Ative as
para definir um atraso entre o pressionamento de uma tecla e a exibição da letra na tela. Isso significa que você precisa pressionar e segurar cada tecla que deseja digitar por um tempo até ela aparecer. Use as teclas de desaceleração se você costuma pressionar sem querer várias teclas ao mesmo tempo ao digitar ou se tiver dificuldade em pressionar a tecla certa no teclado logo na primeira vez.Ative as
para ignorar pressionamentos de teclas que sejam repetidos rapidamente. Isso poderá ajudar, por exemplo, se você tiver tremores que lhe fazem pressionar uma tecla várias vezes, quando gostaria de pressioná-la apenas uma vez.
Ative as
para controlar o ponteiro do mouse usando o teclado numérico.Clique em
(Assistência de Clique) para abrir uma caixa de diálogo na qual é possível habilitar vários recursos que facilitam o clique: clique secundário simulado e clique com foco.Habilite o
para ativar o clique secundário (normalmente o botão direito do mouse) pressionando e segurando o botão principal por um período predefinido de . Isso será útil se você tiver dificuldades em mover os dedos de uma mão separadamente ou se o seu dispositivo apontador tiver apenas um botão.Ative o
(Clique com Foco) para acionar um clique focalizando o ponteiro do mouse sobre um objeto na tela. Isso será útil se você tiver dificuldades em mover o mouse e clicar ao mesmo tempo. Se esse recurso estiver ativado, uma pequena janela de clique com foco será aberta sobre todas as outras janelas. É possível usá-la para escolher o tipo de clique desejado quando você focalizar algo. Quando você focaliza o ponteiro do mouse sobre um botão e não o movimenta, o ponteiro muda de cor gradualmente. Quando o ponteiro tiver mudado completamente de cor, o botão será clicado.
Use o controle deslizante para ajustar o
de acordo com as suas necessidades.
4.5 Para obter mais informações #
Há mais informações na Ajuda do GNOME, que também está disponível online em https://help.gnome.org/users/gnome-help/3.20/a11y.html.en.
Parte II Connectivity, Files and Resources #
- 5 Accessing Network Resources
From your desktop, you can access files and directories or certain services on remote hosts or make your own files and directories available to other users in your network. SUSE® Linux Enterprise Server offers the following ways of accessing and creating network shared resources.
- 6 Gerenciando impressoras
O SUSE® Linux Enterprise Server facilita a impressão de documentos, esteja o computador conectado diretamente a uma impressora ou remotamente em uma rede. Este capítulo descreve como configurar impressoras no SUSE Linux Enterprise Server e gerenciar serviços de impressão.
- 7 Fazendo backup dos dados do usuário
A ferramenta Backup é uma estrutura simples que permite aos usuários fazer backup e restaurar seus próprios dados, como diretórios pessoais ou arquivos selecionados. É possível criar backups programados ou por solicitação e reproduzir um estado anterior desses dados.
- 8 Passwords and Keys: Signing and Encrypting Data
The GNOME Passwords and Keys program is an important component of the encryption infrastructure on your system. With this program, you can create and manage PGP and SSH keys, import, export and share keys, back up your keys and keyring, and cache your passphrase.
- 9 gFTP: Transferring Data from the Internet
gFTP is a multithreaded file transfer client. It supports the FTP, FTPS (control connection only), HTTP, HTTPS, SSH, and FSP protocols. Furthermore, it allows the transfer of files between two remote FTP servers via FXP. To start gFTP, click
› › .
5 Accessing Network Resources #
From your desktop, you can access files and directories or certain services on remote hosts or make your own files and directories available to other users in your network. SUSE® Linux Enterprise Server offers the following ways of accessing and creating network shared resources.
- Network Browsing
Your file manager, GNOME Files, lets you browse your network for shared resources and services. Learn more about this in Seção 5.3, “Accessing Network Shares”.
- Sharing Directories in Mixed Environments
Using GNOME Files, configure your files and directories to share with other members of your network. Make your data readable or writable for users from any Windows or Linux workstation. Learn more about this in Seção 5.4, “Sharing Directories”.
- Managing Windows Files
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server can be configured to integrate into an existing Windows network. Your Linux machine then behaves like a Windows client. It takes all account information from the Active Directory domain controller, just as the Windows clients do. Learn more about this in Seção 5.5, “Managing Windows Files”.
- Configuring and Accessing a Windows Network Printer
You can configure a Windows network printer through the GNOME control center. Learn how to do this in Seção 5.6, “Configuring and Accessing a Windows Network Printer”.
5.1 Connecting to a Network #
You can connect to a network with wired and wireless connections. To view your network connection, check the network icon in the right part of the main panel. If you click the icon, you can see more details in the menu. Click the connection name to see more details and access the settings.
To learn more about connecting to a network, see Book “Administration Guide”, Chapter 38 “Using NetworkManager”.
5.2 General Notes on File Sharing and Network Browsing #
Whether and to what extent you can use file sharing and network browsing and in your network highly depends on the network structure and on the configuration of your machine.
Before setting up either of them, contact your system administrator. Check whether your network structure supports a feature and whether your company's security policies permit it.
Network browsing, be it SMB browsing for Windows shares or SLP browsing for remote services, relies heavily on the machine's ability to send broadcast messages to all clients in the network. These messages and the clients' replies to them enable your machine to detect any available shares or services.
For broadcasts to work effectively, your machine must be part of the same subnet as all other machines it is querying. If network browsing does not work on your machine or the detected shares and services do not meet your expectations, contact your system administrator to ensure that you are connected to the appropriate subnet.
To allow network browsing, your machine needs to keep several network ports open to send and receive network messages that provide details on the network and the availability of shares and services. The standard SUSE Linux Enterprise Server is configured for tight security and has a firewall that protects your machine against the Internet.
To adjust the firewall configuration, you either need to ask your system administrator to put your interface into the internal zone or to tear down the firewall entirely (depending on your company's security policy). If you try to browse a network while a restrictive firewall is running on your machine, GNOME Files warns you that your security restrictions are not allowing it to query the network.
5.5 Managing Windows Files #
With your SUSE Linux Enterprise Server machine being an Active Directory client, you can browse, view and manipulate data located on Windows servers. The following examples are the most prominent ones:
- Browsing Windows Files with GNOME Files
Use GNOME Files's network browsing features to browse your Windows data.
- Viewing Windows Data with GNOME Files
Use GNOME Files to display the contents of your Windows user directory as you would for displaying a Linux directory. Create new files and directories on the Windows server.
- Manipulating Windows Data with GNOME Applications
Many GNOME applications allow you to open files on the Windows server, manipulate them and save them back to the Windows server.
- Single Sign-On
GNOME applications, including GNOME Files, support Single Sign-On. This means that you do not need to re-authenticate when you access other Windows resources. These can be Web servers, proxy servers or groupware servers like Microsoft Exchange*. Authentication against all these is handled silently in the background using the user name and password you provided when you logged in.
To access your Windows data using GNOME Files, proceed as follows:
Open GNOME Files and click
in the Places pane.Double-click
.Double-click the icon of the workgroup containing the computer you want to access.
Click the computer’s icon (and authenticate if prompted to do so) and navigate to the shared directory on that computer.
To create directories in your Windows user directory using GNOME Files, proceed as you would when creating a Linux directory.
5.6 Configuring and Accessing a Windows Network Printer #
Being part of a corporate network and authenticating against a Windows Active Directory server, you can access corporate resources such as printers. GNOME allows you to configure printing from your Linux client to a Windows network printer.
To configure a Windows network printer for use through your Linux workstation, proceed as follows:
Start the GNOME control center from the main menu by clicking
› › › .Nota: Starting the CUPS ServiceThe CUPS service is not started by default after installation of SUSE Linux Enterprise Server. If the dialog shows a message that the printing service is currently not available, you need to start the CUPS service manually.
Start it by opening a shell and typing:
sudo systemctl start cups
Click
and enter theroot
password.Click the plus icon.
Select a Windows printer connected via Samba.
To print to the Windows network printer configured above, select it from the list of available printers.
6 Gerenciando impressoras #
O SUSE® Linux Enterprise Server facilita a impressão de documentos, esteja o computador conectado diretamente a uma impressora ou remotamente em uma rede. Este capítulo descreve como configurar impressoras no SUSE Linux Enterprise Server e gerenciar serviços de impressão.
6.1 Instalando uma impressora #
Antes de instalar uma impressora, você precisa saber a senha de root
e as informações sobre a impressora. Dependendo de como você conecta a impressora, talvez precise do URI, endereço ou host TCP/IP e do driver da impressora. O SUSE Linux Enterprise Server já vem com alguns drivers de impressora comuns. Se não conseguir encontrar um driver para a impressora, verifique o site na Web do fabricante.
Clique em
› › › .Clique em
e digite a senha root.Clique no ícone de adição.
Se houver muitas impressoras na lista, filtre-as digitando o endereço IP ou uma palavra-chave no campo de pesquisa na parte inferior da caixa de diálogo.
Selecione uma impressora na lista de impressoras disponíveis e clique em
.
A impressora instalada é exibida no painel Impressoras. Você já pode usar a impressora com qualquer aplicativo.
7 Fazendo backup dos dados do usuário #
A ferramenta Backup é uma estrutura simples que permite aos usuários fazer backup e restaurar seus próprios dados, como diretórios pessoais ou arquivos selecionados. É possível criar backups programados ou por solicitação e reproduzir um estado anterior desses dados.
7.1 Criando backups #
Primeiramente, especifique os dados e programe quando fazer o backup.
Clique em
› › .Ao abrir o aplicativo pela primeira vez, você verá uma tela de boas-vindas. Clique em
.Na guia
, é possível ativar e desativar . É possível também exibir a visão geral das configurações atuais.Na guia
, selecione o e a na qual gravar o backup.Na guia
, selecione os diretórios para incluir no backup e os que serão ignorados. Por exemplo, para fazer backup do seu diretório pessoal, com exceção do diretórioDownloads
, adicione o diretório pessoal à categoria e o diretórioDownloads
à categoria .Na guia
, selecione a frequência dos backups automáticos (diária ou semanal) e por quanto tempo mantê-los.(Opcional) Para executar um backup imediatamente, retorne para a guia e clique em .
Escolha se o backup deve ser protegido por senha.
Em caso afirmativo, digite uma senha nas duas caixas ao lado de
(Senha de Criptografia) e .Em caso negativo, clique em
(Permitir Restauração sem Senha).Clique em
para iniciar o processo de backup. Ao término do backup, a janela será fechada.
7.2 Restaurando dados #
Para restaurar um estado anterior dos dados, faça o seguinte:
Selecione
› › .Na guia
, clique em .Escolha o local do qual restaurar. Clique em
. A ferramenta pesquisa os backups armazenados nesse local.Escolha uma data. Clique em
.Escolha se é para restaurar os arquivos para o local original ou para outro diretório. Clique em
para ver um resumo de suas opções.Clique em
para iniciar o processo de restauração.
8 Passwords and Keys: Signing and Encrypting Data #
The GNOME Passwords and Keys program is an important component of the encryption infrastructure on your system. With this program, you can create and manage PGP and SSH keys, import, export and share keys, back up your keys and keyring, and cache your passphrase.
Start the program by choosing
› ›8.1 Signing and Encryption #
Signing. Attaching electronic signatures to pieces of information, such as e-mail messages or software to prove its origin. To keep someone else from writing messages using your name, and to protect both you and the people you send them to, you should sign your mails. Signatures help you check the sender of the messages you receive and distinguish authentic messages from malicious ones.
Software developers sign their software so that you can check the integrity. Even if you get the software from an unofficial server, you can verify the package with the signature.
Encryption. You might also have sensitive information you want to protect from other parties. Encryption helps you transform data and make it unreadable for others. This is important for companies so they can protect internal information and their employees' privacy.
8.2 Generating a New Key Pair #
To exchange encrypted messages with other users, you must first generate your own pair of keys. It consists of two parts:
Public Key. This key is used for encryption. Distribute it to your communication partners, so they can use it to encrypt files or messages for you.
Private Key. This key is used for decryption. Use it to make encrypted files or messages from others (or yourself) legible again.
If others gain access to your private key, they can decrypt files and messages intended only for you. Never grant others access to your private key.
8.2.1 Creating OpenPGP Keys #
OpenPGP is a non-proprietary protocol for encrypting e-mail with the use of public-key cryptography based on PGP. It defines standard formats for encrypted messages, signatures, private keys, and certificates for exchanging public keys.
Click
› › .Click
› .Select
and click .Specify your full name and e-mail address.
Click
to specify the following advanced options for the key.- Comment
An optional comment.
- Encryption Type
Specifies the encryption algorithms used to generate your keys.
is the recommended choice because it lets you encrypt, decrypt, sign, and verify as needed. Both and allow only signing.- Key Strength
Specifies the length of the key in bits. The longer the key, the more secure it is (provided a strong passphrase is used). Keep in mind that performing any operation with a longer key requires more time than it does with a shorter key. Acceptable values are between 1024 and 4096 bits. At least 2048 bits are recommended.
- Expiration Date
Specifies the date at which the key will cease to be usable for performing encryption or signing operations. You will need to either change the expiration date or generate a new key or subkey after this amount of time passes. Sign your new key with your old one before it expires to preserve your trust status.
Click
to create the new key pair.The
dialog opens.Specify the passphrase twice for your new key, then click
.When you specify a passphrase, use the same practices you use when you create a strong password.
8.2.2 Creating Secure Shell Keys #
Secure Shell (SSH) is a method of logging in to a remote computer to execute commands on that machine. SSH keys are used in key-based authentication system as an alternative to the default password authentication system. With key-based authentication, there is no need to manually type a password to authenticate.
Click
› › .Click
› .Select
, then click .Specify a description of what the key is to be used for.
You can use your e-mail address or any other reminder.
Optionally, click
to specify the following advanced options for the key.Encryption Type. Specifies the encryption algorithms used to generate your keys. Select to use the Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA) algorithm to create the SSH key. This is the preferred and more secure choice. Select to use the Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA) to create the SSH key.
Key Strength. Specifies the length of the key in bits. The longer the key, the more secure it is (provided a strong passphrase is used). Keep in mind that performing any operation with a longer key requires more time than it does with a shorter key. Acceptable values are between 1024 and 4096 bits. At least 2048 bits is recommended.
Click
to create the new key, or click to create the key and set up another computer to use for authentication.Specify the passphrase for your new key, click
, then repeat.When you specify a passphrase, use the same practices you use when you create a strong password.
8.3 Modifying Key Properties #
You can modify properties of existing OpenPGP or SSH keys.
8.3.1 Editing OpenPGP Key Properties #
The descriptions in this section apply to all OpenPGP keys.
Click
› › .Double-click the PGP key you want to view or edit.
Use the options on the
tab to add a photo to the key or to change the passphrase associated with the key.Photo IDs allow a key owner to embed one or more pictures of themselves in a key. These identities can be signed like normal user IDs. A photo ID must be in JPEG format. The recommended size is 120×150 pixels.
If the chosen image does not meet the required file type or size,
can resize and convert it on the fly from any image format supported by the GDK library.Click the
tab to add a user ID to a key.See Seção 8.3.1.1, “Adding a User ID” for more information.
Click the
tab, which contains the following properties:Key ID: The Key ID is similar to the Fingerprint, but the Key ID contains only the last eight characters of the fingerprint. It is generally possible to identify a key with only the Key ID, but sometimes two keys might have the same Key ID.
Type: Specifies the encryption algorithm used to generate a key. DSA keys can only sign. ElGamal keys are used to encrypt.
Strength: Specifies the length, in bits, of the key. The longer the key, the more security it provides. However, a long key will not compensate for the use of a weak passphrase.
Fingerprint: A unique string of characters that exactly identifies a key.
Created: The date the key was created.
Expires: The date the key can no longer be used (a key can no longer be used to perform key operations after it has expired). Changing a key's expiration date to a point in the future re-enables it. A good general practice is to have a master key that never expires and multiple subkeys that do expire and are signed by the master key.
Override Owner Trust: Here you can set the level of trust in the owner of the key. Trust is an indication of how sure you are of a person's ability to correctly extend the Web of trust. When there is a key that you have not signed, the validity of the key is determined from its signatures and how much you trust the people who made those signatures.
Export Secret Key: Exports the key to a file.
Subkeys: See Seção 8.3.1.2, “Editing OpenPGP Subkey Properties” for more information.
Click
.
8.3.1.1 Adding a User ID #
User IDs allow multiple identities and e-mail addresses to be used with the same key. Adding a user ID is useful, for example, when you want to have an identity for your job and one for your friends. They take the following form:
Name (COMMENT) <E-MAIL>
Click
› › .Double-click the PGP key you want to view or edit.
Click the
tab, then click .Specify a name in the
field.You must enter at least five characters in this field.
Specify an e-mail address in the
field.Your e-mail address is how most people will locate your key on a key server or other key provider. Make sure it is correct before continuing.
In the
field, specify additional information that will display in the name of your new ID.This information can be searched for on key servers.
Confirm your changes and enter the passphrase when prompted for it.
8.3.1.2 Editing OpenPGP Subkey Properties #
Each OpenPGP key has a single master key used to sign only. Subkeys are used to encrypt and to sign as well. In this way, if your subkey is compromised, you do not need to revoke your master key.
Click
› › .Double-click the PGP key you want to edit.
Click the
tab, then click to show the category.Use the buttons on the left of the dialog to add, delete, expire, or revoke subkeys.
Each subkey has the following information:
ID: The identifier of the subkey.
Type: Specifies the encryption algorithm used to generate a subkey. DSA keys can only sign, ElGamal keys are used to encrypt, and RSA keys are used to sign or to encrypt.
Usage: Shows if the key can be used to sign, to certify, or also to encrypt.
Created: Specifies the date the key was created.
Expires: Specifies the date the key can no longer be used.
Status: Specifies the status of the key.
Strength: Specifies the length, in bits, of the key. The longer the key, the more security it provides. However, a long key will not compensate for the use of a weak passphrase.
Click
.
8.3.2 Editing Secure Shell Key Properties #
The descriptions in this section apply to all SSH keys.
Click
› › .Double-click the Secure Shell key you want to view or edit.
Use the options on the
tab to change the name of the key or the passphrase associated with the key.Click the
tab, which contains the following properties:Algorithm: Specifies the encryption algorithm used to generate a key.
Strength: Indicates the length in bits of a key. The longer the key, the more security it provides. However, a long key does not make up for the use of a weak passphrase.
Location: The location where the private key has been stored.
Fingerprint: A unique string of characters that exactly identifies a key.
Export Complete Key: Exports the key to a file.
Click
.
8.4 Importing Keys #
Keys can be exported to text files. These files contain human-readable text at the beginning and at the end of a key. This format is called an ASCII-armored key.
To import keys:
Click
› › .Click
› .Select a file containing at least one ASCII-armored public key.
Click
to import the key.
You can also paste keys inside
:Select an ASCII-armored public block of text, then copy it to the clipboard.
Click
› › .Click
›
8.5 Exporting Keys #
To export keys:
Click
› › .Select the keys you want to export.
Click
› .Specify a file name and location for the exported key.
Click
to export the key.
You can also export keys to the clipboard in an ASCII-armored block of text:
Click
› › .Select the keys you want to export.
Click
› .
8.6 Signing a Key #
Signing another person's key means that you are giving trust to that person. Before signing a key, carefully check the key's fingerprint to ensure that the key really belongs to that person.
Trust is an indication of how sure you are of a person's ability to correctly extend the Web of trust. When there is a key that you have not signed, the validity of the key is determined from its signatures and how much you trust the people who made those signatures.
8.7 Password Keyrings #
You can use password keyring preferences to create or remove keyrings, to set the default keyring for application passwords or to change the unlock password of a keyring. To create a new keyring, follow these steps:
Click
› › .Click
› › , then click .Enter a name for the keyring and click
.Set and confirm a new
for the keyring and click .
To change the unlock password of an existing keyring, right-click the keyring in the
tab and click . You need to provide the old password to be able to change it.To change the default keyring for application passwords, right-click the keyring in the
tab and click .8.8 Key Servers #
You can keep your keys up-to-date by synchronizing keys periodically with remote keyservers. Synchronizing will ensure that you have the latest signatures made on all of your keys, so that the Web of trust will be effective.
Click
› › .Click
› , then click the tab.HKP Key Servers: HKP key servers are ordinary Web-based key servers, such as the popular
hkp://pgp.mit.edu:11371
, also accessible at http://pgp.mit.edu.LDAP Key Servers: LDAP key servers are less common, but use the standard LDAP protocol to serve keys.
ldap://keyserver.pgp.com
is a good LDAP server.You can
or key servers to be used using the buttons on the left. To add a new key server, set its type, host and port, if necessary.Set whether you want to automatically publish your public keys and which keyserver to use. Set whether you want to automatically retrieve keys from key servers and whether to synchronize modified keys with keyservers.
Click
.
8.9 Key Sharing #
Key Sharing is provided by DNS-SD, also known as Bonjour or Rendezvous. Enabling key sharing adds the local
users' public key rings to the remote search dialog. Using these local key servers is generally faster than accessing remote servers.Click
› › .Click
› , then click the tab.Select
.Click
.
9 gFTP: Transferring Data from the Internet #
gFTP is a multithreaded file transfer client. It supports the FTP, FTPS (control connection only), HTTP, HTTPS, SSH, and FSP protocols. Furthermore, it allows the transfer of files between two remote FTP servers via FXP. To start gFTP, click
› › .9.1 ASCII Compared to Binary Transfers #
There are two common ways of transferring files via FTP: ASCII and binary.
ASCII mode transfers files as text. ASCII files are
.txt
, .asp
,
.html
, and .php
files, for
example. Binary mode transfers files as raw data.
Binary files are .wav
, .jpg
,
.gif
, and mp3
files, for example.
To change the transfer mode, click the
menu and select or .When transferring ASCII files from Linux/Unix to Windows or vice versa, open the
dialog by clicking › . Switch to the tab and select to ensure that newline characters are correctly converted. This option will automatically be disabled in Binary mode.9.2 Connecting to a Remote Server #
To connect to a remote server, do the following:
Click
› .Specify a URL to connect to and click
.Specify your user name and click
. Then specify your password and click . To connect anonymously, leave the user name blank.If the connection is successful, the right part of the gFTP window lists files from the remote computer. The file listing on the left side continues to show files from your local computer. You can now upload and download files via drag and drop or by using the arrow buttons.
To bookmark a site you access frequently, click
› . Specify a name for the bookmark, then click . The new bookmark is added to your list of bookmarks.9.3 Transferring Files #
In the following figure, the file list on the right contains the remote server's directory of files. The file list on the left side contains your local computer's directory of files (on your hard disk or network).
To download files, select the files you want to download in the remote list of files, then click the arrow button pointing to the left. The progress of each download is listed in the field in the middle of the window. If the transfer is successful, the files appear in the directory listing on the left.
To upload a file, select the files you want to upload in your local directory listing on the left, then click the arrow button pointing to the right. The progress of each download is listed in the field in the middle of the window. If the transfer is successful, the files appear in the remote directory listing on the right.
To modify preferences for your downloads, select
› from the menu.9.4 Setting Up an HTTP Proxy Server #
To set up an HTTP proxy server, do the following:
From the menu, select
› , then select the tab.Enter the
and . If applicable, also provide your login credentials for the proxy server. Choose a proxy type from the drop-down box.Click the
tab, and enter the same proxy server information in the dialog as described above. Port numbers for FTP and HTTP proxy may differ.Click
.
9.5 For More Information #
You can find more information about gFTP at http://www.gftp.org.
Parte III LibreOffice #
- 10 LibreOffice: The Office Suite
LibreOffice is an open source office suite that provides tools for all types of office tasks such as writing texts, working with spreadsheets, or creating graphics and presentations. With LibreOffice, you can use the same data across different computing platforms. You can also open and edit files in other formats, including Microsoft* Office* formats, then save them back to this format, if needed. This chapter contains information that applies to all LibreOffice modules.
- 11 LibreOffice Writer
LibreOffice Writer is a full-featured word processor with page and text formatting capabilities. Its interface is similar to interfaces of other major word processors, and it includes some features that are usually found only in desktop publishing applications.
This chapter highlights a few key features of Writer. For more information about these features and for complete instructions for using Writer, look at the LibreOffice help or at the sources listed in Seção 10.10, “For More Information”.
Much of the information in this chapter can also be applied to other LibreOffice modules. For example, other modules use styles similarly to how they are used in Writer.
- 12 LibreOffice Calc
Calc is the LibreOffice spreadsheet module. Spreadsheets consist of several sheets, containing cells which can be filled with elements like text, numbers, or formulas. A formula can manipulate data from other cells to generate a value for the cell in which it is inserted. Calc also allows you to def…
- 13 LibreOffice Impress, Base, Draw e Math
Além do LibreOffice Writer e do LibreOffice Calc, o LibreOffice também inclui os módulos Impress, Base, Draw e Math. Com eles, é possível criar apresentações, gerar bancos de dados, desenhar gráficos e diagramas e criar fórmulas matemáticas.
10 LibreOffice: The Office Suite #
LibreOffice is an open source office suite that provides tools for all types of office tasks such as writing texts, working with spreadsheets, or creating graphics and presentations. With LibreOffice, you can use the same data across different computing platforms. You can also open and edit files in other formats, including Microsoft* Office* formats, then save them back to this format, if needed. This chapter contains information that applies to all LibreOffice modules.
10.1 LibreOffice Modules #
LibreOffice consists of several application modules (subprograms) which are designed to integrate with each other. While this chapter contains information that applies to all LibreOffice modules, the following chapters and sections contain information on individual modules. Find a short description and where each module is described in Tabela 10.1, “The LibreOffice Application Modules”.
A full description of each module is available in the application help, described in Seção 10.10, “For More Information”.
Module |
Purpose |
Described in |
---|---|---|
Writer |
Word processor module | |
Calc |
Spreadsheet module | |
Impress |
Presentation module | |
Base |
Database module | |
Draw |
Module for drawing vector graphics | |
Math |
Module for generating mathematical formulas |
10.2 Starting LibreOffice #
To start LibreOffice, click
› › . In the LibreOffice start center, choose the type of document you want to create.There are multiple methods to directly start one of the LibreOffice modules:
If any LibreOffice module is open, you can start any of the other modules by clicking
› and then selecting the type of document you want to create.You can also start individual LibreOffice modules from the menu
.As an alternative, use the command
libreoffice
and one of the options--writer
,--calc
,--impress
,--draw
, or--base
to start the respective module.LibreOffice has many command line options, especially for allowing document conversions. To learn more about the command line options of LibreOffice, see
libreoffice --help
or the man page of LibreOffice (man libreoffice(1)
).
Before you start working with LibreOffice, you may be interested in changing some options from the preferences dialog. Click
› to open it. The most important ones are:- ›
Specify your user data such as company, first and last name, street, city, and other useful information. This data has many uses: It is used in the comment functions of Writer and Calc, for authorship information in PDF documents, and for serial letters in Writer.
- ›
Map font names to installed fonts. This can be useful if you exchange documents with others and the document you received contains fonts that are not available on your system.
- ›
Contains loading and saving specific options. For example, you can choose whether to always create a backup copy and which file format LibreOffice should use by default.
To learn more about configuring LibreOffice, see Seção 10.7, “Changing the Global Settings”.
10.3 The LibreOffice User Interface #
The user interface of most of LibreOffice is very similar across its modules:
- Menu Bar
At the top of the application, there is the menu bar which gives access to almost all functionality of LibreOffice. The menu bar can be customized to include more or fewer functions. You can also add and remove menus.
- Toolbars
By default, the toolbars are positioned directly below the menu bar. The toolbars comprise the most used and most important items of the module.
To dock a toolbar to any other side of the window, drag it to the right position. To make a toolbar float, drag it into the middle of the window. They can be customized to include more or fewer functions. You can also add and remove toolbars.
- Side Bar
By default, the side bar is positioned at the right side of the LibreOffice window. On the first start of LibreOffice, it is only visible as several icons stacked vertically. Clicking one of the icons opens a panel with more elements. Click the icon again to close the panel. Similarly to the toolbars, the side bar comprises the most important functions.
To dock the side bar to the left or right side of the window, drag it to the right position. To make the side bar float, drag it into the middle of the window. To hide the side bar, click the vertical arrowhead button on the document-facing side of the side bar.
You can hide or show side bar panels but cannot customize their functionality.
- Statusbar
The statusbar is displayed at the bottom of the window. It mainly shows information about the document, such as the number of words (in Writer) or the sum of values of selected cells (in Calc). However, it can also be used to change the zoom or language settings. Many elements open additional menus or dialogs on left click, right click, or double click.
For more information on customizing LibreOffice, see Seção 10.6, “Customizing LibreOffice”.
10.4 Compatibility with Other Office Applications #
The native file format of LibreOffice is the OpenDocument format. OpenDocument is an ISO-standardized format for office documents that is based on XML. However, LibreOffice can also work with documents, spreadsheets, presentations, and databases in many other formats, including Microsoft Office formats. Files in Microsoft Office formats can be opened and saved back normally.
10.4.1 Opening Documents from Other Office Suites #
If you use LibreOffice in an environment where you need to share documents with Microsoft Word users, you should have little or no trouble exchanging document files. However, very complex documents can require editing after opening. Complex documents are documents containing, for example, complicated tables, Microsoft Office macros, or unusual fonts, formatting, or graphical objects.
In case there should ever be issues with opening documents, try the following strategies:
Text Documents. Consider opening text documents in the original application and saving them as RTF or plain text (TXT). However, saving as plain text means that all formatting will be lost.
Spreadsheets. Consider opening spreadsheets in the original application and saving them as Excel files. If this does not work, try the CSV format. However, saving as CSV means that all formatting, cell type definitions, formulas, and macros will be lost.
10.4.2 Converting Documents to the OpenDocument Format #
LibreOffice can read, edit, and save documents in several formats. It is not necessary to convert files from those formats to the OpenDocument format used by LibreOffice to use those files. However, if you want to convert the files, you can do so. To convert several documents, such as when first switching to LibreOffice, do the following:
Select
› › .Choose the file format from which to convert.
Click
.Specify where LibreOffice should look for templates and documents to convert and in which directory the converted files should be placed.
Documents retrieved from a Windows partition are usually in a subdirectory of
/windows
.Make sure that all other settings are correct, then click
.Review the summary of the actions to perform, then start the conversion by clicking
.The amount of time needed for the conversion depends on the number of files and their complexity. For most documents, conversion does not take long.
When everything is done, close the Wizard.
10.5 Saving Files with a Password #
You can save files, no matter in which LibreOffice format, with a password. Unlike older versions of LibreOffice, the encryption applied to the document with recent versions of LibreOffice is very strong. However, this encryption does not protect file names and file sizes of encrypted files. If that is important to you, see the alternate encryption methods described in Book “Security and Hardening Guide”, Chapter 12 “Encrypting Partitions and Files”.
To save a file with a password, select
› or › .In the dialog that opens, activate the check box
at the bottom and click .Type and confirm your password, then click
.
The next time you open the file, you will be prompted for the password.
To change the password, do either of the following:
Overwrite the same file by selecting
› . Make sure is deactivated.Select
› and click to access the password dialog.
10.6 Customizing LibreOffice #
You can customize LibreOffice to best suit your needs and working style. Toolbars, menus, and key combinations can all be reconfigured to help you more quickly access the features you use the most.
You can also assign macros to application events if you want specific actions to occur when those events take place. For example, if you always work with a specific spreadsheet, you can create a macro that opens the spreadsheet and assign the macro to the
event.This section contains simple, generic instructions for customizing your environment. The changes you make are effective immediately. This means you can see if the changes are what you wanted and go back and modify them if they are not. See the LibreOffice help files for detailed instructions.
To access the customization dialog in any open LibreOffice module, select
› .Click
for more information about the options in the dialog.In the customization dialog, click the tab
.From the drop-down box
, select the toolbar you want to customize.Activate the check boxes next to the commands you want to appear on the toolbar, and deactivate the check boxes next to the commands you do not want to appear. A short description for each command is shown at the bottom of the dialog.
With
, select whether to save your customized toolbar in the current LibreOffice module or in the current document. If you decide to save it in the LibreOffice module, the customized toolbar is used whenever you open that module. If you decide to save it together with the current document, the customized toolbar is used whenever you open that document.Repeat to customize additional toolbars.
Click
.
To switch back to the original settings again, open the customization dialog, click the
drop-down box and select . Click and to proceed.Click the arrow icon at the right edge of the toolbar you want to change.
Click
to display a list of buttons.Select the buttons in the list to enable (check) or disable (uncheck) them.
You can add or delete items from current menus, reorganize menus, and even create new menus.
Click
› › .Select the menu you want to change, or click
to create a new menu.Modify, add, or delete menu items as desired.
Click
.
You can reassign currently assigned key combinations and assign new ones to frequently used functions.
Click
› › .Select the keys you want to assign to a combination.
Select a
and an appropriate .Click
to assign the function to the key or to remove an existing assignment.Click
.
LibreOffice also provides ways to assign macros to events such as application start-up or the saving of a document. The assigned macro runs automatically whenever the selected event occurs.
Click
› › .Select the event you want to change.
Assign or remove macros for the selected event.
Click
.
10.7 Changing the Global Settings #
Global settings can be changed in any LibreOffice module by clicking
› on the menu bar. This opens the window shown in the figure below. A tree structure is used to display categories of settings.The settings categories that appear depend on the module you are working in. For example, if you are in Writer, the LibreOffice Writer category appears in the list, but the LibreOffice Calc category does not. The LibreOffice Base category appears in both Calc and Writer. The Module column in the table shows where each setting category is available.
The following table lists the settings categories along with a brief description of each category:
Settings Category |
Description |
Module |
---|---|---|
|
Basic settings, including your user data (such as your address and e-mail), important paths, and settings for printers and external programs. |
All |
|
Settings related to the opening and saving of several file types. There is a dialog for general settings and several special dialogs to define how external formats should be handled. |
All |
|
Settings related to languages and writing aids, such as your locale and spell checker settings. This is also the place to enable support for Asian languages. |
All |
|
Settings related to word processing, such as the basic units, fonts and layout that Writer should use. |
Writer |
|
Settings related to the HTML authoring features of LibreOffice. |
Writer |
|
Settings related to spreadsheets, such as spreadsheet appearance, Microsoft Excel compatibility options, and calculation options. |
Calc |
|
Settings related to presentations, such as enabling the smartphone remote control and the grid of the page to use. |
Impress |
|
Settings related to drawings, such as the grid of the page to use. |
Draw |
|
Allows setting and editing database connections and registered databases. |
Base |
|
Allows defining the default colors used for newly created charts. |
All |
|
Allows configuring a proxy and the e-mail software to use. |
All |
All settings listed in the table apply globally for the specified modules. That means, they are used as defaults for every new document you create.
10.8 Using Templates #
A template is a document containing only the styles—and content— that you want to appear in every document of that type. When a document is created or opened with the template, the styles are automatically applied to that document. Templates greatly enhance the use of LibreOffice by simplifying formatting tasks for a variety of different types of documents.
For example, in a word processor, you can write letters, memos, and reports, all of which look different and require different styles. Or, for example, for spreadsheets, you could use different cell styles or headings for certain types of spreadsheets. If you use templates for each of your document types, the styles you need for each document are always readily available.
LibreOffice comes with a set of predefined templates. You can also find additional templates on the Internet, for example at http://templates.libreoffice.org. For details, see Seção 10.10, “For More Information”.
Creating your own templates requires some planning. You need to determine how you want the document to look, so you can create the styles you need in that template.
A detailed explanation of templates is beyond the scope of this section. Procedimento 10.7, “Creating LibreOffice Templates” only shows how to generate a template from an existing document.
For text documents, spreadsheets, presentations, and drawings, you can create a template from an existing document as follows:
Start LibreOffice and open or create a document that contains the styles and content that you want to re-use for other documents of that type.
Click
› › .Choose a directory to save the image in by double-clicking one of the directory icons.
If you are in a subdirectory and want to go up again, use the path bar displayed above the directories.
From the toolbar, choose
.Specify a name for the template.
Click
.
You can convert Microsoft Word templates like you would convert any other Word document. For more information, see Seção 10.4.2, “Converting Documents to the OpenDocument Format”.
10.9 Setting Metadata and Properties #
When exchanging documents with other people, it is sometimes useful to store metadata like the owner of the file, who it was received from, and a URL. LibreOffice lets you attach such metadata to the file. This helps you track metadata which you do not want to or cannot save in the content of the file. This feature is also the basis for later sorting, searching and retrieving your documents based on metadata.
As an example, we assume you want to set these properties to your file:
A title, subject, and some keywords
The owner of the file
Who sent you the file
To attach such metadata to your document, proceed as follows:
Click
› . A dialog opens. It has, among others, the following tabs:Change to the
tab and insert title, subject, and your keywords.Switch to the
tab.To add a row for a property, click
.In the
column, click the drop-down box for the entry. A list of properties appears, from it, choose .Insert the name of the owner in the
column.Repeat from Passo 4 but as the name of the property, this time, choose .
Optionally, repeat from Passo 4 for more properties.
To remove a property, click the red icon at the end of the corresponding row.
Leave the dialog with
.Save the file.
10.10 For More Information #
LibreOffice contains extensive online help. In addition, a large community of users and developers support it. The following list shows some places where you can go for additional information.
- LibreOffice Application Help ( › )
Extensive help on performing any task in LibreOffice.
- https://www.libreoffice.org
Home page of LibreOffice
- https://ask.libreoffice.org
Official question and answer page for LibreOffice.
- http://www.taming-libreoffice.com/
Taming LibreOffice: books, news, tips and tricks.
- http://www.pitonyak.org/oo.php
Extensive information about creating and using macros.
- http://extensions.libreoffice.org/
Extension and template directory for LibreOffice.
- https://www.worldlabel.com/Pages/openoffice-template.htm
Templates for creating labels with LibreOffice.
11 LibreOffice Writer #
LibreOffice Writer is a full-featured word processor with page and text formatting capabilities. Its interface is similar to interfaces of other major word processors, and it includes some features that are usually found only in desktop publishing applications.
This chapter highlights a few key features of Writer. For more information about these features and for complete instructions for using Writer, look at the LibreOffice help or at the sources listed in Seção 10.10, “For More Information”.
Much of the information in this chapter can also be applied to other LibreOffice modules. For example, other modules use styles similarly to how they are used in Writer.
11.1 Creating a New Document #
There are multiple ways to create a new Writer document:
From Scratch. To create a new empty document, click › › .
Using a Wizard. To use a standard format and predefined elements for your own documents, use a wizard. Click › › and follow the steps.
From a Template. To use a template, click › › and open, for example, . From the list of text document templates, select the one that fits your needs.
For example, to create a business letter, click Figura 11.1.
› › . Using the wizard, you can easily create a basic document using a standard format. A sample wizard dialog is shown inEnter text in the document window as desired. Use the tools for applying and changing styles or the tools for direct formatting to adjust the appearance of the document. Use the
menu or the relevant buttons in the toolbar to print and save your document. With the options under , add extra items to your document, such as a table, picture, or chart.11.2 Formatting with Styles #
The traditional way of formatting office documents is direct formatting. That means, you use a button, such as Headline, first level. Using styles, rather than direct formatting has the following advantages:
, which sets a certain property (in this case, a bold typeface). With styles, you can bundle a set of properties (for example, font size and font weight) and give them a speaking name, such asGives your pages, paragraphs, texts, and lists a consistent look.
Makes it easy to consistently change formatting later.
Allows reuse and import of styles from another document.
Change one style and its properties are passed on to its descendants.
Imagine that you emphasize text by selecting it and clicking the button
. Later, you decide you want the emphasized text to be italicized. Now, without styles, you need to find all bold text and manually change it to italics.If you had used a character style from the beginning, however, you would only need to change the style from bold to italics once. All text formatted with a style changes its appearance as the style is changed.
LibreOffice can use styles for applying consistent formatting to various elements in a document. The following types of styles are available in Writer:
Type of Style |
Function |
---|---|
|
Applies standardized formatting to the various types of paragraphs in your document. For example, apply a paragraph style to a first-level heading to set the font and font size, spacing above and below the heading, location of the heading, and other formatting specifications. |
|
Applies standardized formatting for types of text. For example, if you want emphasized text to appear in italics, you can create an emphasis style that italicizes selected text when you apply the style to it. |
|
Applies standardized formatting to frames. For example, if your document uses marginal notes, you can create frames with specified borders, location, and other formatting, so that all of your marginal notes have a consistent appearance. Frames are also used for captioning images: A frame can keep the caption and the image together. Here, you can use frame style to make sure that all your images have the same size and background color, for example. |
|
Applies standardized formatting to a specified type of page. For example, if every page of your document contains a header and footer except for the first page, you can use a first page style that disables headers and footers. You can also use different page styles for left and right pages so that you have bigger margins on the insides of pages and your page numbers appear on an outside corner. |
|
Applies standardized formatting to specified list types. For example, you can define a checklist with square check boxes and a bullet list with round bullets, then easily apply the correct style when creating your lists. |
Direct formatting overrides any styles you have applied. For example, format a piece of text both with a character style and using the button
. Now, the text will be bold, no matter what is set in the style.To remove all direct formatting, first select the appropriate text, then right-click it and choose
.Likewise, if you manually format paragraphs using
› , you can end up with inconsistent paragraph formatting. This is especially true if you copy and paste paragraphs from other documents with different formatting. However, if you apply paragraph styles, formatting remains consistent. If you change a style, the change is automatically applied to all paragraphs formatted with that style.11.2.1 The Side Bar Panel #
The side bar panel T
) in the side bar or press
F11.
LibreOffice comes with several predefined styles. You can use these styles as they are, modify them, or create new styles. Use the icons at the top of the panel to display formatting styles for the most common elements such as paragraphs, frames, pages or lists. To learn more about styles, continue with the instructions below.
11.2.2 Applying a Style #
To apply a style, select the element you want to apply the style to, and double-click the style in the panel
. For example, to apply a style to a paragraph, place the cursor anywhere in that paragraph and double-click the desired paragraph style.Alternatively, use the paragraph style selector in the toolbar
.11.2.3 Changing a Style #
By changing styles, you can change formatting throughout a document, rather than applying the change separately everywhere you want to apply the new formatting.
To change an existing style, proceed as follows:
In the panel
, right-click the style you want to change.Click
.Change the settings for the selected style.
For information about the available settings, refer to the LibreOffice online help.
Click
or .
11.2.4 Creating a Style #
LibreOffice comes with a collection of styles to suit many needs of most users. However, if you need a style that does not yet exist and want to create your own style, follow the procedure below:
Open the panel F11.
with › , or pressingMake sure you are in the list of styles for the type of style you want to create.
For example, if you are creating a character style, make sure you are in the character style list by clicking the corresponding icon in the panel
.Right-click anywhere in the list of styles in the panel
.To open the style dialog, click
. The tab is preselected.Configure three basic properties of the new style:
The name of your style. Choose any name you like.
The style that follows your style. The style selected here is used when starting a new paragraph by pressing Enter. This is useful, for example, for headlines, after which you usually want to start a normal paragraph of text.
A style that your style depends on. If the selected style is changed, your style changes as well. For example, to make headers consistent, create a “parent” header style and have subsequent headers depend on it. This is useful when you only want to change the properties that need to be different.
For details about the style options available in any tab, click the
button of the dialog.Confirm with
. This closes the window.
11.2.4.1 Example: Defining a Note Style #
Let us assume, you need a note with a different background and borders. To create such a style, proceed as follows:
Press F11. The panel opens.
Make sure you are in the
list by checking that the pilcrow icon (¶) is selected.Right-click anywhere in the list of styles in the panel
and select .Specify the following parameters in the tab
:Note
Note
- None -
Custom Styles
Change the indentation in the tab
, using the text field . If you also want more space above and below individual paragraphs, change the values in the and accordingly.Switch to the tab
and choose a color for the background.Switch to the tab
and determine your line arrangements, line style, color and other parameters.Confirm with
. This closes the window.Select your text in your document and double-click the style
. Your style parameters are applied to the text.
11.2.4.2 Example: Defining an Even-Odd Page Style #
If you want to create double-sided printouts of your documents, especially if they are supposed to be bound, use templates for even and odd pages. To create page styles for this, proceed as follows:
Press F11. The panel opens.
Make sure you are in the list
by checking that the paper sheet icon is selected.Right-click anywhere in the list of styles in the panel
and select .Enter the following parameters in the tab
:Left Content Page
Leave empty, will be changed later
not applicable
not applicable
Change additional parameters as you like in the other tabs. You can also adapt the page format and margins (tab
) or any headers and footers.Confirm with
. This closes the window.
Follow the instruction in Procedimento 11.3, “Create an Even (Left) Page Style” but use the string
Right Content Page
in the tab.Select the entry
from the drop-down box .Choose the same parameters as you did for the left page style. If you used different sizes for the left and right margin of your even page, mirror these values in your odd pages.
Confirm with
. This closes the window.
Then connect the left page style with the right page style:
Right-click the entry
and choose .Choose
from the drop-down box .Confirm with
. This closes the window.
To attach your style, make sure your page is a left (even) page and double-click
. Whenever your text exceeds the length of a page, the following page automatically receives the alternative page style.11.3 Working with Large Documents #
You can use Writer to work on large documents. Large documents can be either a single file or a collection of files assembled into a single document.
11.3.2 Using Master Documents #
If you are working with a very large document, such as a book, it can be easier to manage the book with a master document, rather than keeping the book in a single file. A master document enables you to quickly apply formatting changes to a large document or to jump to each subdocument for editing.
A master document is a Writer document that serves as a container for multiple Writer files. You can maintain chapters or other subdocuments as individual files collected in the master document. Master documents are also useful if multiple users are working on a single document. You can separate each user’s section of the document into subdocuments collected in a master document, allowing multiple writers to work on their subdocuments at the same time without fear of overwriting the work of others.
- , choose (
A file chooser opens, to allow saving the new document. Specify a name, then click
.When you are done editing the new document, save it. Then switch back to the master document.
Update the master document with the contents of the new document. To do so, right-click the entry of your new document in the
, then click › .
To enter some text directly into the master document, select
› .The LibreOffice help files contain more complete information about working with master documents. Look for the topic named Using Master Documents and Subdocuments.
The styles from all of your subdocuments are imported into the master document. To ensure that formatting is consistent throughout your master document, use the same template for each subdocument. Doing so is not mandatory.
However, if subdocuments are formatted differently, you might need to do some reformatting to successfully bring subdocuments into the master document without creating inconsistencies. For example, if two documents within a master document include styles with the same name, the master document will use the formatting specified for the style in the document imported first.
11.4 Using Writer as an HTML Editor #
In addition to being a full-featured word processor, Writer also functions as an HTML editor. You can style HTML pages like any other document, but there are specific
that help with creating good HTML. You can view the document as it will appear online, or you can directly edit the HTML code.Click
› › .Press F11 to open the panel .
At the bottom of the panel
, click the drop-down box to open it.Select
.Create your HTML page, using the styles to tag your text.
Click
› .Select the location where you want to save your file and name the file. Make sure that in the bottom drop-down box,
is selected.Click
.
To edit HTML code directly or to see the HTML code created when you edit the HTML file as a Writer document, click
› . In HTML Source mode, the list is not available.The first time you switch to
mode, you are prompted to save the file as HTML, if you have not already done so.To switch back from
mode to Web Layout, click › again.12 LibreOffice Calc #
Calc is the LibreOffice spreadsheet module. Spreadsheets consist of several sheets, containing cells which can be filled with elements like text, numbers, or formulas. A formula can manipulate data from other cells to generate a value for the cell in which it is inserted. Calc also allows you to define ranges, filter and sort data and creates charts from data to present it graphically. Using pivot tables, you can combine, analyze or compare larger amounts of data.
This chapter can only introduce some very basic Calc functionality. For more information and for complete instructions, see the LibreOffice application help and the sources listed in Seção 10.10, “For More Information”.
Calc can process many VBA macros in Excel documents. However, support for VBA macros is not complete. When opening an Excel spreadsheet that makes heavy use of macros, you might discover that some do not work.
12.1 Creating a New Document #
There are two ways to create a new Calc document:
From Scratch. To create a new empty document, click › › .
From a Template. To use a template, click › › and open, for example, . From the list of spreadsheet templates, select the one that fits your needs.
Access the individual sheets by clicking their respective tabs at the bottom of the window.
Enter data in the cells as desired. To adjust the appearance, either use the Seção 12.2, “Using Formatting and Styles in Calc”. Use the menu or the relevant buttons in the toolbar to print and save your document.
toolbar or side bar panel, or use the menu—or define styles as described in12.2 Using Formatting and Styles in Calc #
Calc comes with a few built-in cell and page styles to improve the appearance of your spreadsheets and reports. Although these built-in styles are adequate for many uses, you will probably find it useful to create styles for your own frequently used formatting preferences.
Click F11.
› › or pressAt the top of the panel
, click either (a green cell) or (a document).Right-click anywhere in the list of styles in the panel
. Then click .Specify a name for the style and use the various tabs to set the desired formatting options.
When you are done configuring the style, click
.
Click
› › .At the top of the panel
, click either (a green cell) or (a document).Right-click the name of the style you want to change, then click
.Change the desired formatting options.
When you are done configuring the style, click
.
To apply a style to specific cells, select the cells you want to format. Then double-click the style you want to apply in the
window.12.3 Working With Sheets #
Sheets are a good method to organize your calculations. For example, if you have a business, accounting might be much clearer if you create a sheet for each month.
To insert a new sheet after the last sheet, click the button
next to the sheet tabs.To insert one or more new sheets into your spreadsheet from a file or at a specific position at once, do the following:
Right-click a sheet tab and select
. A dialog opens.Decide whether the new sheet should be positioned before or after the selected sheet.
To create a new sheet, make sure the
radio button is activated. Enter the number of sheets and the sheet name. Skip the rest of this step.Alternatively, to import a sheet from another file, do the following:
(Opcional) Select and click .
(Opcional) Select the file name and confirm with . All the sheet names are now displayed in the list.
(Opcional) Select the sheet names you want to import by holding the Shift key and clicking them.
To add the sheet or sheets, confirm with
.
To rename a sheet, right-click the tab of the sheet and select
. Alternatively, you can also double-click the sheet tab.To delete one or multiple sheets, do the following: Select the sheet you want to delete. To select more than one sheet, hold down Shift while making the selection. Then right-click the tab of the sheet, choose and confirm with .
12.4 Conditional Formatting #
Conditional formatting is a useful feature to highlight certain values in
your spreadsheet. For example, define a condition and if the condition is
true
, a style is applied to each cell that fulfills this
condition.
Before you apply conditional formatting, choose
› › . You should see a check mark in front of .Define a style first. This style is applied to each cell when your condition is
true
. Use › or press F11. For more information, see Procedimento 12.1, “Creating a Style”. Confirm with .Select the cell range where you want to apply your condition.
Select
› › from the menu. A dialog opens.You now see a template for a new condition. Conditions can operate in multiple modes:
The condition tests if a cell matches a certain value. Next to the first drop-down box, select an operator such as
, , or .The condition tests if a certain formula returns
true
.The condition tests if a certain date value is reached.
This mode allows creating data visualizations that depend on the value of a cell, similarly to
. However, with , you can use one condition to apply an entire range of styles.The types of styles that can be used are color scales (cell background color), data bars (bars with changing width in the cell) and icon sets (an icon in the cell).
For example, a color scale allows assigning
0
a black background and100
a green background. All values in between are calculated automatically. For example,50
receives a dark green background.
For this example, keep the default:
.Select an operator and the value of the cell you want to test for.
Choose the style you want to apply when this condition is
true
or click to define a new appearance.If you need additional conditions, click
. Then repeat the previous steps.Confirm with
. Now the style of your cells has changed.
12.5 Grouping and Ungrouping Cells #
Grouping a cell range allows hiding parts of a spreadsheet. This makes spreadsheets more readable, as you can hide all the parts you are not currently interested in. It is possible to group rows or columns and nest groups in other groups.
To group a range, proceed as follows:
Select a cell range in your spreadsheet.
Select
› › . A dialog appears.Decide if you want to group your selected range by rows or by columns. Confirm with
.
After grouping selected cells, a line indicating the grouped cell range appears in the upper-left margin. Fold or unfold the cell range with the
and icons. The numbers at the top left of the margins display the depth of your groups and can be clicked too.To ungroup a cell range, click into a cell which belongs to a group and select
› › . The line in the margin disappears. The innermost group is always deleted first.12.6 Freezing Rows or Columns as Headers #
If you have a spreadsheet with lots of data, scrolling usually makes the header disappear. LibreOffice can lock rows or columns or both, so they remain fixed as you scroll around.
To freeze a single row or a single column, proceed as follows:
To create a frozen area before a row, click the header of the row (
1
,2
,3
, ...).Alternatively, to create a frozen area above a column, click the header of the column (
A
,B
,C
, ...).Select
› . A dark line appears, indicating the frozen area.
It is also possible to freeze both rows and columns:
Click into the cell to the right of the column and below the row you want frozen. For example, if your header occupies the space from A1 to B3, click cell C4.
Select
› . A dark line appears, indicating which area is frozen.
To unfreeze, select
› . The check mark before the menu item disappears.13 LibreOffice Impress, Base, Draw e Math #
Além do LibreOffice Writer e do LibreOffice Calc, o LibreOffice também inclui os módulos Impress, Base, Draw e Math. Com eles, é possível criar apresentações, gerar bancos de dados, desenhar gráficos e diagramas e criar fórmulas matemáticas.
13.1 Usando apresentações com o Impress #
Use o LibreOffice Impress para criar apresentações para exibição em tela ou impressão. Se você já tiver usado algum outro software de apresentação, o Impress facilitará a mudança. Ele funciona de forma bem semelhante aos outros softwares de apresentação.
13.1.1 Criando uma apresentação #
Há várias formas de criar um novo documento do Impress:
Do Zero. Para criar um novo documento vazio, clique em › › .
Usando um Assistente. Para usar um formato padrão e elementos predefinidos em seus documentos, utilize um assistente. Clique em › › e siga as etapas.
De um Gabarito. Para usar um gabarito, clique em › › e abra, por exemplo, . Na lista de gabaritos de apresentação, selecione o mais adequado às suas necessidades.
O seguinte procedimento descreve como criar uma apresentação usando o assistente. Proceda da seguinte maneira:
Inicie o LibreOffice.
Selecione
› › .Escolha
. Selecione no menu popup para definir o fundo de sua preferência e clique em .Selecione um meio de saída. O meio de saída é o formato da apresentação final, como:
(Transparência), , uma apresentação de slides em 4:3 ou 16:9, entre outras opções.Para ver uma miniatura de suas opções, verifique se
está ativado. Se todas as opções estiverem definidas conforme o desejado, clique em .Para usar efeitos nas transições de slide, selecione um
e a respectiva . O efeito é visualizado imediatamente.Use o tipo de apresentação padrão ou escolha
para especificar o tempo que cada página é exibida e o tempo de pausa entre as apresentações.Se todas as opções estiverem definidas conforme o desejado, clique em
.
A apresentação é aberta e está pronta para ser editada.
13.1.2 Usando páginas master #
As páginas master proporcionam à apresentação uma aparência consistente, pois definem quais fontes e outros elementos de design serão usados. O Impress usa dois tipos de páginas master:
- Slide master
Contém elementos que aparecem em todos os slides. Por exemplo, você pode desejar que o logotipo de sua empresa apareça no mesmo local em todos os slides. O slide master também determina o estilo de formatação de texto para o cabeçalho e a estrutura de tópicos de todos os slides que usam a página master, assim como as informações que você desejar que apareçam no cabeçalho ou rodapé.
- Master de notas
Determina a formatação e a aparência das notas na apresentação.
13.1.2.1 Criando um slide master #
O Impress é fornecido com uma coleção de páginas master pré-formatadas. Para personalizar ainda mais as apresentações, crie seus próprios slides masters.
Inicie o Impress com uma apresentação existente ou crie uma nova conforme descrito na Seção 13.1.1, “Criando uma apresentação”.
Clique em
› .Isso abre o slide master atual na
. A barra de ferramentas é exibida.Clique o botão direito do mouse no painel esquerdo e clique em
.Edite o slide master até obter a aparência desejada.
A tela master permite editar estilos de contorno formatando diretamente o texto de amostra no slide.
Para concluir a edição dos slides master, na barra de ferramentas
, clique em . Se preferir, escolha › .
Após criar todos os slides master que você deseja usar nas apresentações, você poderá gravá-los em um gabarito do Impress. Assim, sempre que você desejar criar apresentações que usem esses slides master, abra uma nova apresentação com o gabarito.
13.1.2.2 Aplicando um slide master #
É possível aplicar os slides masters a slides selecionados ou a todos os slides de uma apresentação.
Abra a sua apresentação.
(Opcional) Para aplicar um slide master a vários slides, mas não a todos os slides: Selecione os slides aos quais deseja aplicar o slide master.
Para selecionar vários slides, pressioneCtrl no enquanto clica nos slides que você deseja usar.
No painel Tarefas, abra e clique na página master que deseja aplicar. O slide master é aplicado à(s) página(s) correspondente(s).
Se não for exibido o
, clique em › .
13.2 Usando bancos de dados com o Base #
O LibreOffice inclui o módulo de banco de dados Base. Use o Base para projetar um banco de dados para armazenar vários tipos de informações. De um simples bloco de endereços ou livro de receitas até um sistema de gerenciamento de documentos sofisticado.
Tabelas, formulários, consultas e relatórios podem ser criados manualmente ou usando assistentes práticos. Por exemplo, o Assistente de Tabelas contém vários campos comuns para uso comercial e pessoal. Os bancos de dados criados no Base podem ser usados como fontes de dados, como por exemplo durante a criação de cartas.
Uma explicação detalhada do design de bancos de dados com o Base está fora do escopo deste documento. Encontre mais informações nas fontes relacionadas na Seção 10.10, “For More Information”.
13.2.1 Criando um banco de dados usando opções predefinidas #
O Base é fornecido com vários campos de bancos de dados predefinidos para ajudá-lo a criar um banco de dados. Um assistente guia você pelas etapas de criação de um novo banco de dados. As etapas desta seção são específicas para a criação de um bloco de endereços usando campos predefinidos, mas não é difícil segui-las para usar os campos predefinidos para qualquer uma das opções de bancos de dados internas.
O processo para criar um banco de dados pode ser dividido em vários subprocessos:
13.2.1.1 Criando o banco de dados #
Inicie o LibreOffice Base.
O
é iniciado.É possível escolher entre criar um banco de dados HSQLDB ou Firebird.
- HSQLDB Embutido (padrão)
Esse formato de banco de dados também está disponível em versões mais antigas do OpenOffice.org e do LibreOffice. Ele depende da instalação do Java no computador.
- Firebird Embutido
Esse formato de banco de dados pode ser usado apenas em versões mais recentes do LibreOffice. Ele não depende do Java. Quando você executa operações em grandes bancos de dados, o Firebird pode ter melhor desempenho.
Continue com
.Clique em
para disponibilizar as informações do banco de dados a outros módulos do LibreOffice e marque as caixas de seleção para e . Em seguida, clique em .Vá para o diretório no qual deseja gravar o banco de dados, especifique um nome para ele e clique em
.
13.2.1.2 Configurando a tabela do banco de dados #
Após criar o banco de dados, caso tenha marcado a caixa de seleção
(Criar tabelas usando o Assistente de Tabelas), o Assistente de Tabelas será aberto. Do contrário, vá para a área e clique em . Em seguida, defina os campos que você deseja usar na tabela do banco de dados.Neste exemplo, configure um banco de dados de endereços.
Para este exemplo, clique em
.A lista
muda para mostrar as tabelas predefinidas para uso pessoal em que está o gabarito de tabela de endereço. O gabarito de tabela listado em contém tabelas comerciais predefinidas.Na lista
, clique em .Os campos disponíveis para o bloco de endereços predefinido são mostrados no menu
.No menu
, clique nos campos que você deseja usar no bloco de endereços.Clique para selecionar um item de cada vez. Se preferir, selecione vários itens pressionando e segurando a tecla Shift e clique em cada item separadamente.
Clique nos ícones de
e para incluir ou remover os itens selecionados da lista .Para mover todos os campos disponíveis para o menu
, clique no ícone de .Use os ícones de
e para ordenar as entradas selecionadas e, em seguida, clique em .Os campos aparecem na tabela e nos formulários na ordem em que são listados.
Verifique se todos os campos estão definidos corretamente.
É possível mudar o nome, o tipo, os caracteres máximos do campo e se ele é ou não obrigatório. Neste exemplo, deixe as configurações como estão e clique em
.Verifique se as opções
e estão ativadas. Além disso, ative .Continue com
.Insira um nome para a tabela e ative
.Clique em
.
13.2.1.3 Criando um formulário #
Em seguida, crie o formulário para usar ao digitar dados no bloco de endereços.
Após a etapa anterior, você já deverá estar no
. Do contrário, vá para a janela principal para abri-lo. Em , clique o botão direito do mouse na tabela correta. Clique em .No
, clique no ícone de seta dupla para a direita para mover todos os campos disponíveis para a lista , depois clique em .Para adicionar um subformulário, ative
e clique em .Para este exemplo, aceite as seleções padrão.
Selecione como você deseja organizar o formulário e clique em
.Selecione
e deixe todas as caixas de seleção desativadas, depois clique em .Aplique um estilo e uma borda de campo e clique em
.Para este exemplo, aceite as seleções padrão.
Dê um nome ao formulário, ative
e clique em .
13.2.1.4 Modificando o formulário #
Depois que o formulário for definido, você poderá modificar sua aparência conforme preferir.
Após a etapa anterior, você já deverá estar no editor
. Do contrário, selecione o formulário certo clicando em na barra lateral da janela principal. Em seguida, na área , clique o botão direito do mouse no formulário correto. Selecione .Organize os campos no formulário arrastando-os para os novos locais.
Por exemplo, mova o campo
para que ele apareça à direita do campo .Ao concluir a modificação do formulário, grave-o e feche-o.
13.2.1.5 Outras etapas #
Após criar as tabelas e formulários do banco de dados, você estará pronto para digitar os dados. Você também pode elaborar consultas e relatórios para ajudar a classificar e exibir os dados.
Consulte a ajuda online do LibreOffice e outras fontes relacionadas na Seção 10.10, “For More Information” para obter informações adicionais sobre o Base.
13.3 Criando gráficos usando o Draw #
Use o LibreOffice Draw para criar gráficos e diagramas. Você pode exportar seus desenhos nos formatos de gráficos vetoriais mais comuns e importá-los para qualquer aplicativo que permita importação de gráficos, inclusive os outros módulos do LibreOffice. Também é possível criar versões do Adobe* Flash* (SWF) de seus desenhos.
Inicie o LibreOffice Draw.
Use a barra de ferramentas
à direita da janela para criar um gráfico. Para criar uma nova forma ou um objeto de texto, use os botões de forma da barra de ferramentas:Para criar uma forma ou objeto de texto único, clique uma vez em um botão de forma. Em seguida, clique e arraste sobre o documento para criar um objeto.
Para criar uma forma ou objeto texto múltiplo, clique duas vezes em um botão de forma. Em seguida, clique e arraste sobre o documento para criar os objetos. Quando terminar, clique no ícone do ponteiro do mouse na barra de ferramentas.
Grave o gráfico.
Para embutir um gráfico existente do Draw em um documento do LibreOffice, selecione
› › . Selecione e clique em para navegar para o arquivo do Draw a ser inserido.Para editar o gráfico mais tarde por conta própria, ative
.Se você inserir um arquivo como objeto OLE, poderá editar o objeto mais tarde clicando nele duas vezes.
Um recurso particularmente útil do Draw é a capacidade de abri-lo de outros módulos do LibreOffice para você criar um desenho que seja importado automaticamente para o seu documento.
Em um módulo do LibreOffice (por exemplo, no Writer), clique em
› › › › .A interface do usuário do Writer será substituída pela do Draw.
Crie seu desenho.
Clique no documento, fora do frame do Draw.
O desenho será inserido automaticamente no documento.
13.4 Criando fórmulas matemáticas com o Math #
Geralmente é difícil incluir fórmulas matemáticas complexas nos documentos. Para facilitar esta tarefa, o editor de equação do LibreOffice Math permite criar fórmulas usando operadores, funções e assistentes de formatação. É possível gravar essas fórmulas como um objeto que pode ser importado para outros documentos. As funções matemáticas podem ser inseridas em outros documentos do LibreOffice como qualquer outro objeto gráfico.
O Math não é uma calculadora. As funções que ele cria são objetos gráficos. Mesmo que elas sejam importadas para o Calc, essas funções não poderão ser avaliadas.
Para criar uma fórmula, faça o seguinte:
Inicie o LibreOffice Math.
Clique em
› › . A janela da fórmula é aberta.Digite sua fórmula na parte inferior da janela. Por exemplo, o teorema binomial na sintaxe do LibreOffice Math é:
(a + b)^2 = a^2 + 2 a b + b^2
O resultado aparece na parte superior da janela.
Use o painel da barra lateral
ou clique o botão direito do mouse na parte inferior da janela para inserir outros termos. Se precisar de símbolos, use › para inserir, por exemplo, Grego ou outros caracteres especiais.Grave o documento.
O resultado é mostrado na Figura 13.1, “Fórmula matemática no LibreOffice Math”:
É possível incluir sua fórmula no Writer, por exemplo. Para fazer isso, proceda da seguinte maneira:
Crie um novo documento do Writer ou abra um existente.
Selecione
› › no menu principal. Aparece a janela .Selecione
.Clique em
para localizar sua fórmula. Para escolher o arquivo de fórmula, clique em .Para editar a fórmula mais tarde por conta própria, ative
.Confirme com
. A fórmula é inserida na posição do cursor atual.
Parte IV Internet, Communication and Collaboration #
- 14 Firefox: navegando na Web
O browser da Web Mozilla Firefox está incluído no SUSE® Linux Enterprise Server. Com recursos como navegação com guias, bloqueio de janelas popup e gerenciamento de downloads, o Firefox combina as mais recentes tecnologias de navegação e segurança com uma interface fácil de usar. O Firefox permite acessar facilmente diversos mecanismos de pesquisa para ajudar você a encontrar as informações necessárias.
- 15 Evolution: E-Mailing and Calendaring
Evolution makes storing, organizing, and retrieving your personal information easy, so you can work and communicate more effectively with others. It is a professional groupware program and an important part of the Internet-connected desktop.
- 16 Empathy: Instant Messaging
Empathy is an instant messaging (IM) client that allows you to connect to multiple accounts simultaneously. Chat live with your contacts in one tabbed interface, regardless of which IM system they use. Empathy uses Telepathy for protocol support.
- 17 Ekiga: Using Voice over IP
Ekiga is an application you can use for making phone calls via Voice over IP (VoIP), for video conferencing and for instant messaging.
14 Firefox: navegando na Web #
O browser da Web Mozilla Firefox está incluído no SUSE® Linux Enterprise Server. Com recursos como navegação com guias, bloqueio de janelas popup e gerenciamento de downloads, o Firefox combina as mais recentes tecnologias de navegação e segurança com uma interface fácil de usar. O Firefox permite acessar facilmente diversos mecanismos de pesquisa para ajudar você a encontrar as informações necessárias.
14.1 Iniciando o Firefox #
Para iniciar o Firefox, selecione
› › .14.3 Localizando informações #
Há duas maneiras de localizar informações no Firefox: para pesquisar a Internet com um mecanismo de pesquisa, use a barra de pesquisa. Para pesquisar a página que está exibida, use a barra de localização.
14.3.1 Localizando informações na Web #
O Firefox dispõe de uma barra de pesquisa capaz de acessar diferentes mecanismos como Google, Yahoo ou Amazon. Por exemplo, para localizar informações sobre o SUSE usando o mecanismo atual, clique na barra de pesquisa, digite SUSE
e pressione Enter. Os resultados são exibidos na janela.
Para escolher outro mecanismo de pesquisa, digite o termo de pesquisa e clique em um dos ícones de provedor de pesquisa na parte inferior da janela popup que aparece.
14.3.1.1 Personalizando a barra de pesquisa #
Para adicionar ou apagar um mecanismo de pesquisa ou mudar a ordem deles, faça o seguinte.
Clique no ícone à esquerda da barra de pesquisa.
Na janela popup, selecione
. A caixa de diálogo mostra o mecanismo de pesquisa que está definido como padrão e outros mecanismos de pesquisa disponíveis.Para mudar a ordem das entradas, use o mouse para arrastá-las.
Para apagar uma entrada, selecione-a e clique em
.Para adicionar um mecanismo de pesquisa, clique em
. O Firefox exibe uma página da Web com os plug-ins de pesquisa disponíveis. Para instalar um plug-in de pesquisa, selecione-o e clique em .
Alguns sites na Web oferecem mecanismos de pesquisa que você pode adicionar diretamente à barra de pesquisa. Sempre que você visitar esse tipo de site na Web, o ícone à esquerda da barra de pesquisa terá um sinal de adição +
. Clique no ícone e selecione .
14.3.1.2 Adicionando palavras-chave às pesquisas online #
O Firefox permite definir suas próprias palavras-chave: abreviações usadas como atalhos de URL para determinado mecanismo de pesquisa. Se você definiu ws
como uma palavra-chave para a pesquisa na Wikipédia, por exemplo, pode digitar ws TERMODEPESQUISA
na barra de localização para pesquisar por TERMODEPESQUISA na Wikipédia.
Para atribuir um atalho para um mecanismo de pesquisa da barra de pesquisa, clique no ícone à esquerda da barra de pesquisa e selecione Enter.
. Selecione um mecanismo de pesquisa, clique duas vezes na coluna , digite uma palavra-chave e pressioneTambém é possível definir uma palavra-chave para qualquer campo de pesquisa em um site na Web. Proceda da seguinte maneira:
Clique o botão direito do mouse no campo de pesquisa e escolha
no menu exibido. A caixa de diálogo (Adicionar a favoritos) é exibida.Em
, digite um nome descritivo para essa palavra-chave.Digite a sua
para esta pesquisa.Clique em
.
O uso de palavras-chave não se restringe aos mecanismos de pesquisa. Você também pode adicionar uma palavra-chave a um favorito (pelas propriedades do favorito). Por exemplo, se você atribuir suse
ao favorito da home page do SUSE, poderá abri-lo digitando suse
na barra de localização.
14.3.2 Pesquisando na página atual #
Para pesquisar em uma página da Web, na barra de menus, clique em Ctrl–F. A barra de localização é aberta. Geralmente, aparece uma barra na parte inferior da janela. Digite a consulta na caixa de texto. O Firefox encontra a primeira ocorrência da frase digitada. Você pode encontrar outras ocorrências da frase pressionando F3 ou o botão (Avançar) na barra de localização. Se clicar no botão , todas as ocorrências da frase serão realçadas. Marque a opção para que a consulta diferencie maiúsculas de minúsculas.
› ou pressioneO Firefox também oferece duas opções de localização rápida. Clique em qualquer lugar em que deseja iniciar a pesquisa na página da Web, digite / seguido, sem espaço, do termo de pesquisa. A primeira ocorrência do termo de pesquisa é realçada enquanto você digita. Use F3 para localizar a próxima ocorrência. Também é possível limitar a localização rápida apenas a links. Esta opção de pesquisa fica disponível quando você digita '.
14.4 Gerenciando marcadores #
Os marcadores oferecem uma maneira fácil de gravar links nos seus sites favoritos. O Firefox não só facilita bastante a adição de novos favoritos com apenas um clique do mouse, como também oferece várias formas de gerenciar grandes coleções de favoritos. É possível classificar favoritos em pastas, classificá-los com tags ou filtrá-los com pastas de favoritos inteligentes.
Adicione um favorito clicando na estrela na barra de localização. A estrela ficará azul para indicar que a página foi adicionada aos favoritos. O favorito será gravado na pasta
sob o título da página. Para mudar o nome e a pasta do favorito ou adicionar tags, após adicioná-lo aos favoritos, clique na estrela novamente. Uma janela popup é aberta para você fazer as mudanças.Para adicionar aos favoritos todas as guias abertas, clique o botão direito do mouse em uma guia e escolha
. O Firefox solicita que você crie uma nova pasta para os links das guias.Para remover um favorito, abra o local adicionado como favorito. Em seguida, clique na estrela e clique em
.14.4.1 Organizando favoritos #
A Figura 14.3, “Biblioteca de Favoritos do Firefox”.
pode ser usada para gerenciar as propriedades (nome e endereço) de cada favorito e organizar os favoritos em pastas e seções. Ele se assemelha àPara abrir a
, na barra de menus, clique em › . A janela da biblioteca está dividida em duas partes: o painel esquerdo é a visão em árvore das pastas, o painel direito mostra as subpastas e os favoritos da pasta selecionada. Use para personalizar o painel direito. O painel esquerdo contém três pastas principais:- Histórico
Contém todo o seu histórico de navegação. Não é possível mudar essa lista, apenas apagar entradas dela.
- Tags
Lista os favoritos de cada tag que você especificou. Consulte a Seção 14.4.2, “Tags” para obter mais informações sobre tags.
- Favoritos
Essa categoria contém as três pastas principais de favoritos:
- Barra dos favoritos
Contém os favoritos e as pastas exibidas abaixo da barra de localização. Consulte Seção 14.4.4, “A Barra de Ferramentas de Favoritos” para obter mais informações.
- Menu Favoritos
Inclui os favoritos e as pastas que podem ser acessadas pela entrada
no menu principal ou no menu lateral dos favoritos.- Não organizados
Contém todos os favoritos criados com um único clique na estrela na barra de localização. Esta pasta só está visível na biblioteca e na barra lateral dos favoritos.
Organize seus favoritos usando o painel direito. Escolha ações para pastas ou favoritos no menu de contexto aberto quando você clica o botão direito do mouse em um item ou no menu
. As propriedades de uma pasta ou um favorito escolhido podem ser editadas na parte inferior do painel direito. Por padrão, apenas o , o e os são exibidos para um favorito. Clique na seta ao lado de para acessar todas as propriedades.Para reorganizar os favoritos, use o mouse para arrastá-los. É possível usar esse procedimento para mover um favorito ou uma pasta para outra pasta ou mudar a ordem dos favoritos em uma pasta.
14.4.2 Tags #
As tags oferecem um modo prático de arquivar um favorito sob várias categorias. Você pode marcar um favorito com quantos termos desejar. Por exemplo, para acessar todos os sites marcados com suse
, digite suse
na barra de localização. Para cada tag, um item é automaticamente criado na pasta Tags recentes
da biblioteca. Arraste e solte um item de uma tag na barra de ferramentas de favoritos para acessá-lo facilmente.
Para adicionar tags a um favorito, abra o favorito no Firefox e clique na estrela amarela na barra de localização. A caixa de diálogo
aparece para você adicionar uma lista de tags separadas por vírgulas. Também é possível adicionar tags pela caixa de diálogo de propriedades do favorito, que você pode abrir na biblioteca ou clicando o botão direito do mouse em um favorito no menu ou na barra de ferramentas.14.4.3 Importando e exportando favoritos #
Para importar favoritos de outro browser ou de um arquivo no formato HTML, abra a biblioteca escolhendo, na barra de menus,
› . Para iniciar o Assistente de Importação, clique em › e escolha o local de importação. Clique em para iniciar a importação. As importações de um arquivo HTML são feitas como estão.
A exportação de favoritos também é feita em .json
) para os backups.
Para restaurar um backup de favoritos, clique em
› . Em seguida, localize o backup que deseja restaurar.14.4.4 A Barra de Ferramentas de Favoritos #
A Barra dos favoritos
aparece abaixo da barra de localização e possibilita o acesso rápido aos favoritos. Você também pode adicionar, organizar e editar favoritos diretamente. Por padrão, a barra de ferramentas Favoritos
é preenchida com um conjunto predefinido de favoritos organizados em várias pastas (consulte a Figura 14.1, “Janela do browser Firefox”).
Para gerenciar a Barra dos favoritos
, use a biblioteca conforme descrito na Seção 14.4.1, “Organizando favoritos”. Seu conteúdo está localizado na pasta . Também é possível gerenciar diretamente a barra de ferramentas. Para adicionar uma pasta, favorito ou separador, clique o botão direito do mouse em um espaço vazio na barra de ferramentas e selecione a entrada apropriada no menu popup. Para adicionar a página atual à barra, clique no ícone da página da Web na barra de localização e arraste-o até a posição desejada na barra de ferramentas de favoritos. Ao passar o cursor do mouse sobre uma pasta de favoritos existente, ela é automaticamente aberta, permitindo que você coloque o favorito nessa pasta.
Para gerenciar determinada pasta ou favorito, clique o botão direito do mouse nele. Será aberto um menu que o deixará
o item ou mudar suas . Para mover ou copiar uma entrada, escolha ou e para colocá-la na posição desejada.14.5 Usando o gerenciador de downloads #
Monitore os downloads atuais e antigos com o gerenciador de downloads. Para iniciar o gerenciador de downloads, na barra de menus, clique em
› . Durante o download de um arquivo, uma barra de progresso indica o status do download. Caso necessário, pause o download e continue-o mais tarde. Para abrir um arquivo obtido por download com o aplicativo associado, clique em . Para abrir o local em que o arquivo foi gravado, escolha . apenas apaga a entrada do gerenciador de downloads, mas não apaga o arquivo do disco rígido.
Por padrão, o download de todos os arquivos é feito em ~/Downloads
. Para mudar esse comportamento, na barra de menus, clique em › . Vá para . Em , escolha outro local ou .
Se o browser falhar ou fechar durante o download, todos os downloads pendentes serão automaticamente retomados em segundo plano na próxima vez que o Firefox for iniciado. Um download que tenha sido pausado antes do fechamento do browser poderá ser retomado manualmente por meio do gerenciador de downloads.
14.6 Segurança #
Já que navegar na Internet está cada vez mais arriscado, o Firefox oferece várias medidas para tornar a navegação mais segura. Ele verifica automaticamente se você está tentando acessar sites conhecidos por conter software prejudicial (malware) ou roubar dados sigilosos (phishing) e o impede de entrar nesses sites. O ID instantâneo do site permite verificar facilmente a legitimidade de um site, e um gerenciador de senha e bloqueador de popup oferecem segurança adicional. Com a Navegação privativa, é possível navegar pela Internet sem que o Firefox registre os dados em seu computador.
14.6.1 Identidade do site instantânea #
O Firefox permite a você verificar rapidamente a identidade de uma página da Web. O ícone na barra de localização ao lado do endereço indica quais informações de identidade estão disponíveis e se a comunicação é criptografada:
- Globo Cinza
O site não fornece nenhuma informação de identidade, e a comunicação entre o servidor Web e o browser não é criptografada. Não troca informações confidenciais com esses sites.
- Triângulo Cinza
Este site pertence a um domínio que foi verificado por um certificado, portanto, pode ter certeza de que está conectado exatamente ao site que aparece. No entanto, o site tentou carregar elementos adicionais, como imagens ou scripts, usando uma conexão não segura. O Firefox bloqueou esses itens. Portanto, a página pode parecer com defeito.
- Cadeado Cinza
Este site pertence a um domínio que foi verificado por um certificado, portanto, pode ter certeza de que está conectado exatamente ao site que aparece. A comunicação com um site que tenha um “cadeado cinza” é sempre criptografada.
- Cadeado Verde
Este site se identifica completamente por um certificado que garante a propriedade alegada pela pessoa ou organização. Isso é importante principalmente ao trocar dados muito sigilosos (por exemplo, nas transações de dinheiro pela Internet). Nesse caso, você pode ter certeza de que está no site do seu banco na Web quando ele envia informações completas de identidade. A comunicação com um servidor que tenha um “cadeado verde” é sempre criptografada.
Para ver informações detalhadas de identidade, clique no ícone do site na Web na barra de localização. Na janela popup exibida, clique em
para abrir a janela . Nela, você vê o certificado e o nível de criptografia do site, além das informações sobre senhas e cookies armazenados.Na tela
, você pode definir as permissões de carregamento de imagens, popups, cookies e instalação para cada site. A tela lista todas as imagens, os gráficos em segundo plano e os objetos embutidos de um site e exibe mais informações sobre cada item juntamente com uma visualização. É possível também gravar itens individuais.14.6.2 Importando certificados #
O Firefox vem com um armazenamento de certificados para identificação das autoridades de certificação (CA). Ao usar esses certificados, o browser verifica automaticamente os certificados emitidos pelos sites na Web. Se um site na Web emitir um certificado que não tenha sido assinado por uma das CAs do armazenamento de certificados, ele não será confiável. Isso garante que nenhum certificado falsificado seja aceito.
Em geral, grandes organizações usam suas próprias autoridades de certificação internamente e distribuem os respectivos certificados pelo armazenamento de certificados de todo o sistema localizado em /etc/pki/nssdb
. Para configurar o Firefox (e outras ferramentas da Mozilla, como Thunderbird) para usar esse armazenamento de CAs de todo o sistema, além do seu próprio, exporte a variável NSS_USE_SHARED_DB
. Por exemplo, é possível adicionar a seguinte linha a ~/.bashrc
:
export NSS_USE_SHARED_DB=1
Se preferir, ou além disso, é possível importar certificados manualmente. Para fazer isso, na barra de menus, abra a caixa de diálogo
clicando em › . Selecione › › › › e selecione o certificado que será importado. Importe apenas certificados nos quais você confia plenamente!14.6.3 Gerenciamento de Senhas #
Toda vez que você digita um nome de usuário e uma senha em um site na Web, o Firefox oferece para armazenar esses dados. Uma janela popup é aberta na parte superior da página, perguntando se você deseja que o Firefox memorize a senha. Se você aceitar clicando em
, a senha será armazenada em seu disco rígido em um formato criptografado. Da próxima vez que você acessar esse site, o Firefox preencherá automaticamente os dados de login.Para revisar ou gerenciar as senhas, abra o gerenciador de senhas clicando em
› › › na barra de menus. O gerenciador de senhas é aberto com uma lista de sites e os nomes de usuário correspondentes. Por padrão, as senhas não são exibidas. Clique em para exibi-las. Para apagar uma ou todas as entradas da lista, clique em ou , respectivamente.Para proteger as senhas contra acesso não autorizado, você pode definir uma senha master que será necessária ao gerenciar ou adicionar senhas. Na barra de menus, clique em
› , escolha a categoria e ative .14.6.4 Navegação privativa #
Por padrão, o Firefox monitora seu histórico de navegação armazenando conteúdo e links dos sites na Web visitados, cookies, downloads, senhas, termos de pesquisa e dados de fórmula. A coleta e o armazenamento desses dados torna a navegação mais rápida e prática. No entanto, quando você usa um terminal público ou o computador de um colega, por exemplo, convém desativá-la. No modo Navegação privativa, o Firefox não monitora seu histórico de navegação nem armazena em cache o conteúdo das páginas visitadas.
Para habilitar o modo Navegação privativa, na barra de menus, clique em (navegação privativa)
será exibida na barra de título da janela.
Feche a janela privativa para desabilitar a Navegação privativa.
Para tornar a Navegação privativa o modo padrão, abra a guia Seção 14.7.1, “Preferências”, defina a opção como e escolha .
na janela de preferências, conforme descrito naDownloads e favoritos gerados durante o modo Navegação privativa são mantidos.
14.7 Personalizando o Firefox #
O Firefox pode ser personalizado de forma abrangente.
Para mudar o comportamento do Firefox, altere suas preferências.
Adicione funcionalidades instalando extensões.
Mude a aparência instalando temas.
Para gerenciar extensões, temas e plug-ins, o Firefox dispõe do gerenciador de complementos.
14.7.1 Preferências #
O Firefox oferece uma enorme variedade de opções de configuração. Elas estão disponíveis em
› na barra de menus. Cada opção está descrita em detalhes na Ajuda online, que pode ser acessada clicando no ícone de ponto de interrogação na caixa de diálogo.14.7.1.1 Gerenciamento de sessões #
Por padrão, o Firefox restaura automaticamente a sua sessão (janelas e guias) somente após uma falha ou reinicialização por causa de uma extensão. Entretanto, é possível configurá-lo para restaurar uma sessão toda vez que ele for iniciado: Abra a caixa de diálogo Preferências, conforme descrito na Seção 14.7.1, “Preferências”, e vá para a categoria . Defina a opção como .
Se você tiver várias janelas abertas, elas só serão restauradas da próxima vez que você fechar todas elas de uma vez com a opção Ctrl–Q. Se você fechar as janelas uma por uma, apenas a última janela será restaurada.
› (na barra de menus) ou com as teclas14.7.1.2 Preferências de idioma para sites na Web #
Ao enviar uma solicitação ao servidor Web , o browser sempre envia as informações sobre o idioma preferencial do usuário. Sites disponíveis em mais de um idioma (e que são configurados para avaliar esse parâmetro de idioma) exibem suas páginas no idioma solicitado pelo browser. No SUSE Linux Enterprise Server, o idioma preferencial é pré-configurado para usar o mesmo idioma da área de trabalho. Para mudar essa configuração, abra a janela , conforme descrito na Seção 14.7.1, “Preferências”, vá para a categoria e clique em para escolher o idioma preferencial.
14.7.1.3 Correção ortográfica #
Por padrão, o Firefox verifica a ortografia enquanto que você digita em caixas de texto de várias linhas. As palavras com erros ortográficos são sublinhadas em vermelho. Para corrigir uma palavra, clique o botão direito do mouse nela e escolha a grafia correta no menu de contexto. Também é possível adicionar a palavra ao dicionário, se estiver correta.
Para mudar ou adicionar um dicionário, clique o botão direito do mouse em qualquer lugar na caixa de texto com várias linhas e selecione a opção apropriada no menu de contexto. É possível também desabilitar a correção ortográfica nesta caixa de texto. Para desabilitar globalmente a correção ortográfica, abra a janela Seção 14.7.1, “Preferências”, e vá para a categoria . Desative .
, conforme descrito na14.7.2 Complementos #
As extensões permitem personalizar o Firefox para ajustá-lo às suas necessidades. Com as extensões, é possível mudar a aparência do Firefox, aprimorar as funcionalidades existentes e adicionar funções. Por exemplo, as extensões podem aperfeiçoar o gerenciador de downloads, mostrar o clima ou controlar os players de música da Web. Outras extensões auxiliam os desenvolvedores da Web ou reforçam a segurança bloqueando tipos de conteúdo como anúncios ou scripts.
Há milhares de extensões disponíveis para o Firefox. Com o gerenciador de complementos, é possível instalar, habilitar, desabilitar, atualizar e remover extensões.
Se você não gostar da aparência do Firefox, instale um novo tema. Os temas não mudam a funcionalidade do browser, somente a aparência.
14.7.2.1 Instalando complementos #
Para adicionar uma extensão ou um tema, inicie o gerenciador de complementos em
› na barra de menus. Uma janela é aberta com a guia exibindo opções de complementos recomendados ou os resultados da sua última pesquisa.Use o campo
para procurar por complementos específicos. Clique em uma entrada na lista para ver uma breve descrição. Instale o complemento clicando em ou abra uma página da Web com as informações detalhadas clicando no link .Para ativar as extensões ou os temas recém-instalados, às vezes, o Firefox precisa ser reiniciado clicando em
no gerenciador de complementos. Reinicie dessa forma para garantir que a sessão de navegação seja restaurada.14.7.2.2 Gerenciando complementos #
O Gerenciador de Complementos também oferece uma interface conveniente para gerenciar extensões, temas e plug-ins. As
podem ser habilitadas, desabilitadas ou desinstaladas. Se a extensão for configurável, suas opções de configuração poderão ser acessadas por meio do botão . Na guia , é possível um tema ou ativar um tema diferente clicando em . Também aparecem na lista instalações pendentes de extensão e tema. Selecione para interromper a instalação. Apesar de não ser possível instalar como um usuário, você pode desabilitá-los ou habilitá-los pelo Gerenciador de plug-ins.Alguns complementos exigem que você reinicie o browser ao desinstalá-los ou desabilitá-los. Nesses casos, depois de clicar em uma dessas ações, um link
aparece no gerenciador de complementos.14.8 Imprimindo no Firefox #
Antes de imprimir realmente uma página da Web, você pode usar a função de visualização de impressão para controlar a aparência que a página impressa terá. Na barra de menus, escolha
› . Configure o tamanho do papel e a orientação por impressora em .Para imprimir uma página da Web, na barra de menus, escolha Ctrl–P. A caixa de diálogo é aberta. Para imprimir usando as opções padrão, basta clicar em .
› ou pressioneA caixa de diálogo Imprimir também oferece opções de configuração abrangentes para ajustar a impressão. Na guia
, escolha uma impressora, o intervalo de impressão, o número de cópias e a ordem. permite especificar o número de páginas por lado, o fator de escala, a origem e o tipo de papel. Se for suportado pela impressora, será possível também ativar a impressão em frente e verso. Na guia , controle como será a impressão de frames, planos de fundo, cabeçalhos e rodapés.14.9 Para obter mais informações #
Para obter mais informações sobre o Firefox, acesse os seguintes links:
Fóruns do Mozilla: https://www.mozilla.org/about/forums/ |
Referência do Menu Principal: http://support.mozilla.org/kb/Menu+reference |
Referência de preferências: http://support.mozilla.org/kb/Options+window |
Atalhos do teclado: http://support.mozilla.org/kb/Keyboard+shortcuts |
15 Evolution: E-Mailing and Calendaring #
Evolution makes storing, organizing, and retrieving your personal information easy, so you can work and communicate more effectively with others. It is a professional groupware program and an important part of the Internet-connected desktop.
Evolution can help you work in a group by handling e-mail, contact information, and one or more calendars. It can do that on one or several computers, connected directly or over a network, for one person or for large groups.
Evolution helps you accomplish common daily tasks quickly. For example, you can easily reuse appointment or contact information sent to you by e-mail, or send e-mails to a contact or appointment. If you receive lots of e-mail, you can use advanced features like search folders, which let you save searches as though they were ordinary e-mail folders.
This chapter introduces you to Evolution and helps you get started. For more details, refer to the Evolution application help.
15.1 Starting Evolution #
To start Evolution, click
› › .15.2 Setup Assistant #
The first time you start Evolution, it opens an assistant to help you set up e-mail accounts and import data from other applications.
The
helps you provide all the required information.15.2.1 Restoring from a Backup File #
When the assistant starts, the
page is displayed. Proceed to the page. If you previously backed up your Evolution configuration and want to restore it, activate the restoration option and select the backup file in the file chooser dialog.Otherwise, proceed to
.15.2.2 Defining Your Identity #
The
page is the next step in the assistant.Type your full name in the
field.Type your e-mail address in the
field.(Opcional) (Optional) Type an address in the field.
Only use this field if you want replies to e-mails from you to be sent to a different e-mail address.
(Opcional) (Optional) Type your organization name in the field.
This is the company where you work, or the organization you represent when you send e-mails.
Proceed to the next page.
15.2.3 Receiving Mail #
The
page lets you determine the server that you want to use to receive e-mail.You need to specify the type of server you want to receive mail from. If you are not sure about the type of server, contact your system administrator or e-mail provider.
Select a server type in the
list. The following is a list of available server types:Exchange Web Services: Allows you to connect to newer Microsoft Exchange servers to synchronize e-mail, calendar, and contact information. This is only available if you have installed the connector for Microsoft* Exchange* which is packaged in evolution-ews .
IMAP+: Keeps the e-mail on your server, so you can access your e-mail from multiple systems.
POP: Downloads your e-mail to your hard disk for permanent storage, freeing up space on the e-mail server.
USENET News: Connects to a news server and downloads a list of available news digests.
Local Delivery: If you want to move e-mail from the spool and store it in your home directory, you need to provide the path to the mail spool you want to use. If you want to leave mail in your system’s spool files, select instead.
MH Format Mail Directories:
To download your e-mail using mh
or an
mh
-style program, you need to provide the path to the
mail directory you want to use.
Maildir Format Mail Directories: If you download your e-mail using Qmail or another Maildir-style program, select this option. You need to provide the path to the mail directory you want to use.
Standard Unix Mbox Spool File or Directory: To read and store e-mail in the mail spool on your local system, select this option. You need to provide the path to the mail spool you want to use.
None: If you do not plan to check e-mail with this account, select this option. There are no configuration options.
15.2.3.1 Configuration Options for IMAP+, POP, and USENET #
If you selected IMAP+, POP, or USENET News as the server type, you need to specify additional information.
If you are not sure about the correct server address, user name or security setting, contact your system administrator or e-mail provider.
Type the host name of your e-mail server into the text box
.Type your user name for the account into the text box
.Choose a security setting supported by your mail server. For security reasons, avoid using
.Select your authentication type in the
list. To have Evolution check for supported authentication types, click . Then choose one of the options without a strikeout.Some servers do not announce the authentication mechanisms they support. Therefore clicking this button is not a guarantee that the shown mechanisms actually work.
Proceed to the next page.
15.2.3.2 Configuration Options for Exchange Web Services #
If you selected Exchange Web Services as the server type, you need to specify additional information.
If you are not sure about the correct server address, user name or security setting, contact your system administrator or e-mail provider.
Type your user name for the account into the text box
.Type the EWS URL of your e-mail server into the text box
.If available, type the address of an Offline Address Book into the text box
.If your login name and the name of your mailbox differ, select
. Then type the mailbox name into the text box below.Select an authentication type in the
list. To have Evolution check for supported authentication types, click . Then choose one of the options without a strikeout.Some servers do not announce the authentication mechanisms they support. Therefore clicking this button is not a guarantee that the shown mechanisms actually work.
Proceed to the next page.
15.2.3.3 Local Configuration Options #
If you selected
, , , or , specify the path to the local files or directories in the path field.15.2.4 Receiving Options #
After you have selected a mail delivery mechanism, you can set some preferences for its behavior.
15.2.4.1 IMAP+ Receiving Options #
If you selected IMAP+ as the receiving server type, you will now see a page of options to specify the behavior of Evolution.
You can choose from the following options:
Select if you want Evolution to automatically check for new mail. Set how often to check.
Select if you want to check for new messages in all folders.
Select if you want to check for new messages in subscribed folders.
Select to use Quick Resync which makes browsing mail faster on supported servers.
Select if you want Evolution to listen for change notifications. If you activate this option, Evolution will show you mail as it arrives. Therefore, you can usually deactivate
.Select if you want Evolution to show only subscribed folders.
You can unsubscribe from folders to cut down on the number of irrelevant folders shown in Evolution and to reduce the amount of mail that is downloaded.
Select if you want to apply filters to new messages, and whether to do so in all folders or only in the Inbox folder.
Select if you want to check new messages for junk content, and whether to do so in all folders or only in the Inbox folder.
Select this to download all your mail, so you can read it offline.
Proceed to the next page.
15.2.4.2 POP Receiving Options #
If you selected POP as the receiving server type, you will now see a page of options to specify the behavior of Evolution.
You can choose from the following options:
Select if you want Evolution to automatically check for new mail. Set how often to check.
Select if you want leave your mail on the server or delete it on the server when you download it to your computer. You can also set a period of time for which the messages will be kept on the server after they were downloaded.
Disabling POP3 extensions can help with old or misconfigured servers. Select if you have trouble receiving mail.
Proceed to the next page.
15.2.4.3 USENET News Receiving Options #
If you selected USENET News as the receiving server type, you will now see a page of options to specify the behavior of Evolution.
You can choose from the following options:
Select if you want Evolution to automatically check for new mail. Set how often to check.
Select if you want to apply filters to new messages.
Abbreviate folder names, for example,
comp.os.linux
appears asc.o.linux
.Display only the name of the folder. For example, the folder
evolution.mail
would appear asevolution
.
Proceed to the next page.
15.2.4.4 Exchange Web Services Receiving Options #
If you selected Exchange Web Services as the receiving server type, you will now see a page of options to specify the behavior of Evolution.
You can choose from the following options:
Select if you want Evolution to automatically check for new mail. Set how often to check.
Select if you want to check for new messages in all folders.
Select if you want Evolution to listen for change notifications. If you activate this option, Evolution will show you mail as it arrives. Therefore, you can usually deactivate
.Select if you want to apply filters to new messages.
Select if you want to check new messages for junk content, and whether to do so in all folders or only in the Inbox folder.
Select this to download all your mail, so you can read it offline.
Set maximum time to wait for an answer from the server.
If you provided an OAB URL in the prior step, you can select caching an address book. This will make the address book available when offline.
Proceed to the next page.
15.2.4.5 Local Delivery Receiving Options #
If you selected that you want to receive mail through Local Delivery, you will now see a page of options to specify the behavior of Evolution.
Select
if you want Evolution to automatically check for new mail. Set how often to check.Proceed to the next page.
15.2.4.6 MH-Format Mail Directories Receiving Options #
If you selected that you want to receive mail through MH-Format Mail Directories, you will now see a page of options to specify the behavior of Evolution.
Select
if you want Evolution to automatically check for new mail. Set how often to check.Select
to use the.folders
summary file.Proceed to the next page.
15.2.4.7 Maildir-Format Mail Directories Receiving Options #
If you selected that you want to receive mail through Maildir-Format Mail Directories, you will now see a page of options to specify the behavior of Evolution.
Select
if you want Evolution to automatically check for new mail. Set how often to check.Select
if you want to apply filters to new messages.Proceed to the next page.
15.2.4.8 Standard Unix Mbox Spool or Directory Receiving Options #
If you selected that you want to receive mail through a Unix mbox Spool File or Directories, you will now see a page of options to specify the behavior of Evolution.
Select
if you want Evolution to automatically check for new mail. Set how often to check.Select
if you want to apply filters to new messages.Select
to store status headers in a way compatible with Elm, Pine, and Mutt.Proceed to the next page.
15.2.5 Sending Mail #
Now that you have entered information about how you plan to receive mail, Evolution needs to know about how you want to send it. Usually, a separate server configuration is necessary for this. Otherwise, this page will be skipped.
Select a server type from the
list.The following server types are available:
Sendmail: Uses the Sendmail program to send mail from your system. Sendmail is more flexible, but is not as easy to configure, so you should select this option only if you know how to set up a Sendmail service.
SMTP: Sends mail using a separate mail server. This is the most common choice for sending mail. If you choose SMTP, there are additional configuration options.
Type the host address in the
field.If you are not sure what your host address is, contact your system administrator or e-mail provider.
Select if your server requires authentication.
If you selected that your server requires authentication, you need to provide the following information:
Choose a security setting supported by your mail server. For security reasons, avoid using
.Select your authentication type in the
list.or
Click
to have Evolution check for supported types. Then choose one of the options without a strikeout.Some servers do not announce the authentication mechanisms they support. Therefore, clicking this button is not a guarantee that the shown mechanisms actually work.
Type your user name in the
field.
Proceed to the next page.
15.2.6 Final Steps #
Now that you have finished the e-mail configuration process, you need to give the account a name. The name can be any name you prefer. Type your account name on the
field. Proceed to the next page and confirm your changes.Depending on your configuration, you may now be asked for your e-mail passwords and whether you want to save them or want to always enter them when starting Evolution.
The Evolution main window will then open for the first time.
15.3 Using Evolution #
Now that the first-run configuration has finished, you are ready to begin using Evolution. This section sums up the most important parts of the user interface.
- Menu Bar
The menu bar gives you access to nearly all of the features of Evolution.
- Folder List
The folder list gives you a list of the available folders for each account. To see the contents of a folder, click the folder name. The contents are displayed in the e-mail list.
- Toolbar
The toolbar gives you fast and easy access to the frequently used features in each component.
- Search Bar
The search bar lets you search for e-mails. You can filter e-mails, contacts, and calendar entries and tasks using different criteria: a label, a search term, and an account or folder. The Search bar can also save frequently used searches to a search folder.
- Message List
The message list displays a list of e-mails that you have received. To view an e-mail in the preview pane, select the e-mail.
- Shortcut Bar
The shortcut bar at the left lets you switch between folders and program components.
- Statusbar
The statusbar periodically displays a message, or informs you about the progress of a task, such as sending e-mail.
On the far left, you will find the Online/Offline indicator. Click the Online/Offline indicator to switch between being using Evolution in online or offline mode.
- Preview Pane
The preview pane displays the contents of the e-mails that are selected in the e-mail list.
15.3.2 The Shortcut Bar #
The shortcut bar is the column on the left side of the main window. At the top, there is a list of folders for the selected Evolution component. The buttons at the bottom are shortcuts to the individual components, such as Mail and Contacts.
The folder list organizes your e-mail, calendars, contact lists, and task lists in a tree. Most people find one to four folders at the base of the tree, depending on the component and their system configuration. Each Evolution component has at least one, called
, for local information. For example, the folder list for the e-mail component shows all your e-mail accounts, local folders, and search folders.If you receive large amounts of e-mail, you need additional ways to organize it. In Evolution, you can create own e-mail folders, address books, calendars, task lists, or memo lists.
15.3.2.1 Creating a folder #
To create a new folder:
Click
› › .Type the name of the folder in the
field.Select the location of the new folder.
Click
.
15.3.2.2 Folder Management #
Right-click a folder or subfolder to display a menu with the following options:
Marks all the messages in the folder as read. :
Creates a new folder or subfolder in the same location. :
Copies the folder to a different location. When you select this item, Evolution offers a choice of locations to copy the folder to. :
Moves the folder to another location. :
Deletes the folder and all contents. :
Lets you change the name of the folder. :
Refresh: Refreshes the folder.
Properties: Shows the number of total and unread messages in a folder.
You can also rearrange folders and messages by dragging and dropping them.
Any time new e-mail arrives in an e-mail folder, that folder label is displayed in bold text, along with the number of new messages in that folder.
15.3.3 Using E-Mail #
The e-mail component of Evolution has the following standout features:
It supports multiple e-mail sources from many protocols.
It lets you guard your privacy with encryption.
It can speedily handle large amounts of e-mail.
Search folders allow you to come back to often-used searches.
Below is a summary of the user interface elements of the e-mail window.
- Message List
The message list displays all the e-mails that you have. This includes all your read and unread messages and e-mail that is flagged to be deleted. With the
drop-down box above the message you can filter the message list view using predefined and custom labels.- Preview Pane
This is where your e-mail is displayed.
If you find the preview pane too small, you can resize the pane, enlarge the whole window, or double-click the message in the message list to have it open in a new window. To change the size of a pane, drag the divider between the two panes.
As with folders, you can right-click messages in the message list and get a menu of possible actions. This includes moving or deleting them, creating filters or search folders based on them, and marking them as junk mail.
Actions related to e-mail, like
and , appear as buttons in the toolbar and are also located in the right-click menu.- Templates
Evolution allows you to create and edit message templates that you can use at any time to send mail with the same pattern.
15.3.4 Calendaring #
To begin using the calendar, click
in the shortcut bar. By default, the calendar shows today’s schedule on a ruled background. At the upper right, there is a list, where you can keep a list of tasks separate from your calendar appointments. Below that, there is a list for memos.- Appointment List
The appointment list displays all your scheduled appointments.
- Month Pane
The month pane is a small view of a calendar month. You can also select a range of days in the month pane to display a custom range of days in the appointment list.
- Tasks
Tasks are distinct from appointments because they generally do not have times associated with them. You can see a larger view of your task list by clicking
in the shortcut bar.- Memos
Memos, like Tasks, do not have times associated with them. You can see a larger view of your Memo list by clicking
in the shortcut bar.
15.3.5 Managing Contacts #
To use the contacts component, click
in the shortcut bar. The Evolution contacts component can handle all of the functions of an address book or phone book.It does, however, also do more than a paper book. To share your address book on a network, you can use LDAP directories. To create a new contact entry, right-click an e-mail address or double-click an empty space in the right pane. You can also search contacts using the search bar.
By default, the display shows all your contacts in alphabetical order, in a card-based view. You can select other views from the
menu.15.4 For More Information #
Get more information about Evolution from the application help available via F1.
Find more information on the project home page https://wiki.gnome.org/Apps/Evolution.
16 Empathy: Instant Messaging #
Empathy is an instant messaging (IM) client that allows you to connect to multiple accounts simultaneously. Chat live with your contacts in one tabbed interface, regardless of which IM system they use. Empathy uses Telepathy for protocol support.
Empathy supports the following instant messaging protocols: Google Talk (Jabber/XMPP), MSN, IRC, Salut, AIM, Facebook, Yahoo!, Gadu Gadu, Groupwise®, ICQ and QQ. (The supported protocols depend on installed Telepathy Connection Manager components.)
In the following, learn how to set up Empathy and how to communicate with your contacts.
16.1 Starting Empathy #
To start Empathy, select
› › .16.2 Configuring Accounts #
To use Empathy, you must already have an account for the messaging service you want to use. For example, to use Empathy to chat via AIM, you must first have an AIM account.
To start Empathy, select
› › .If you start Empathy for the first time, a message appears, prompting you to configure an account.
Enter your account data. The
dialog shows the accounts that have been configured so far.To add another account:
In the
dialog, click the plus icon.Choose the type of account you want to configure, enter your user ID and password for the account and click
. The dialog to add or modify accounts differs for each type of account, depending on what setup options are available for that account.
To enter or modify connection data for an account:
Select the account and click
› .Enter a server name and a port to use for the connection. Specify additional parameters, such as encryption options, if necessary. If you are unsure which parameters to use, refer to your system administrator or messaging service.
Click
to confirm your changes.
To go online with your account, turn the account switch on. When prompted for your password, enter it.
To disable the account, turn the switch off. If you are finished with the configuration of your accounts, close the
dialog.16.3 Managing Contacts #
Use the
to manage your contacts. You can add and remove contacts and organize them in groups, so they are easy to find.To add a contact, click
› .Select the
for which you want to add a contact.As
, enter the name or user ID of the person you want to add.By default,
will show the same entry, but you can enter a different name or nickname for the contact person here.As soon as you start typing into the
text box, the dialog will also show any groups that you have already defined.To add the new contact to a group, activate the respective group's check box.
To create a new group, type a group name into the text box next to
and click .Click
to confirm your changes and to close the dialog.
In case the groups or the newly added contacts are not displayed in the
, check the Empathy preferences by clicking › . Activate and to make all contacts and groups appear in the .To remove a contact from the list, right-click the name of that contact, select
and confirm your choice.16.4 Chatting with Friends #
To chat with other participants, you need to be connected to the Internet. After a successful login, you are usually marked as
in the , and thus visible to others. To change your status, click the drop-down box at the top of the and select another option.To open a chat session, double-click a contact name in the Enter to send.
. The chat screen opens. Type your message, then pressIf you open more than one chat session, the new session appears as a tab in the existing chat window. To see all messages of a session and to be able to write a reply, click the tab of that session. To see multiple session side by side, use the mouse to drag a tab out of the window. A second window will open.
To close a chat session, close the tab or window for it.
16.5 For More Information #
This chapter explained the Empathy options you need to know about to set up Empathy and communicate with your contacts. It does not explain all features and options available. For more information, open Empathy, then click
.For updates about new features and for the latest information, refer to the home page of the project at https://wiki.gnome.org/Apps/Empathy.
17 Ekiga: Using Voice over IP #
Ekiga is an application you can use for making phone calls via Voice over IP (VoIP), for video conferencing and for instant messaging.
Before proceeding, make sure that the package ekiga is installed.
Before starting, make sure that the following requirements are met:
Your sound card is properly configured.
A headset or a microphone and speakers are connected to your computer.
For dialing in to regular phone networks, a SIP account is required. SIP (Signaling protocol for Internet Telephony) is the protocol used to establish sessions for audio and video conferencing or call forwarding.
There are many VoIP providers all over the world. One provider is the Ekiga project itself, go to https://ekiga.im to learn more.
For video conferencing: A Web cam is connected to your computer.
17.1 Starting Ekiga #
Start Ekiga by clicking
› › .17.2 Configuring Ekiga #
On first start, Ekiga opens a configuration assistant that requests all data needed to configure Ekiga. Proceed as follows:
Click
.Enter your full name (name and surname). Click
.Enter your
ekiga.net
account data or choose not to register with http://www.ekiga.net. Click .Enter your Ekiga Call Out Account data or choose not to register with http://www.ekiga.net. Click .
Set your connection type and speed. Click
.Configure the audio devices to use by choosing the audio ringing, output and input device driver. In general, you can keep the
setting. Click .Choose a video input device, if available. Click
.Check the summary of your settings and apply them.
If registration fails after making changes to your configuration, restart Ekiga.
Ekiga allows you to maintain multiple accounts. To configure an additional account, proceed as follows:
Open
› .Choose
› . If you are unsure, select .Enter the
to which you have registered. This is usually an IP address or a host name that will be given to you by your Internet Telephony Service Provider. Enter , and according to the data provided by your provider.Make sure
is activated and leave the configuration dialog with . The account is displayed in the Ekiga main window, including its , which should change toRegistered
.
17.3 The Ekiga User Interface #
The user interface has different modes. To switch between views, use the toolbar. The first mode is
, the second is and the last one is . Click the camera icon to open the . It displays images from your local Web cam (or from a remote Web cam during a call).By default, Ekiga opens in the
mode. This view shows you a local address book which lets you quickly open connections to often-used numbers.Many of the functions of Ekiga are available with key combinations. Tabela 17.1, “Key Combinations for Ekiga” summarizes the most important ones.
Key Combination |
Description |
---|---|
Ctrl–O |
Initiate a call with the current number. |
Esc |
Hang up. |
Ctrl–N |
Add a contact to your address book. |
Ctrl–B |
Open the dialog. |
H |
Hold the current call. |
T |
Transfer the current call to another party. |
M |
Suspend the audio stream of the current call. |
P |
Suspend the video stream of the current call. |
Ctrl–W |
Close the Ekiga user interface. |
Ctrl–Q |
Quit Ekiga. |
Ctrl–E |
Start the account manager. |
Ctrl–J |
Activate on the main user interface. |
Ctrl–+ |
Zoom in to the picture from the Web cam. |
Ctrl–- |
Zoom out on the picture from the Web cam. |
Ctrl–0 |
Return to the normal size of the Web cam display. |
F11 |
Use full screen for the Web cam. |
17.4 Making a Call #
After Ekiga is properly configured, making a call is easy.
Switch to the
mode.Enter the SIP address of the party to call at the bottom of the window. The address should look like:
for direct local calls:
sip:username@domainname
orusername@hostname
sip:username@domainname
oruserid@sipserver
Click Ctrl–O and wait for the other party to pick up the phone.
or pressTo end the call, click Esc.
or press
If you need to tweak the sound parameters, click
› .17.5 Answering a Call #
Ekiga can receive calls in two different ways. First, it can be called
directly with sip:user@host
, or via SIP provider. Most
SIP providers enable you to receive calls from a normal land-line to your
VoIP account. Depending on the mode in which you use Ekiga, there are
several ways in which you are alerted to an incoming call:
- Normal Application
Incoming calls can only be received and answered if Ekiga is already started. You can hear the ring sound on your headset or your speakers. If Ekiga is not started, the call cannot be received.
- Panel Applet
Normally, the Ekiga panel applet runs silently without giving any notice of its existence. This changes when a call comes in. The main window of Ekiga opens and you hear a ringing sound on your headset or speakers.
Once you have noticed an incoming call, click
to answer the call then start talking. If you do not want to accept this call, click . It is also possible to transfer the call to another SIP address.17.6 Using the Address Book #
Ekiga can manage your SIP contacts. All of the contacts are displayed in the
tab, shown in the main window after start-up. To add a contact or a new contact group, select › .If you want to add a new group, enter the group name into the bottom text box and click
. The new group is then added to the group list and preselected.The following entries are required for a valid contact:
- Name
Enter the name of your contact. This may be a full name, but you can also use a nickname here.
- Address
Enter a valid SIP address for your contact.
- Groups
If you have many contacts, add your own groups.
To call a contact from the address book, double-click the contact. The call is initiated immediately.
17.7 For More Information #
The official home page of Ekiga is http://www.ekiga.org/. This site offers answers to frequently asked questions and more detailed documentation.
For information about the support of the H323
teleconferencing protocol in Linux, see
http://www.voip-info.org/wiki/view/H.323. This is also
a good starting point when searching for projects supporting VoIP.
To set up a private telephone network, you might be interested in the
PBX
software Asterisk
http://www.asterisk.org/. Find information about it at
http://www.voip-info.org/wiki-Asterisk.
Parte V Graphics and Multimedia #
- 18 GIMP: Manipulating Graphics
GIMP (the GNU Image Manipulation Program) is a program for creating and editing raster graphics. In most aspects, its features are comparable to those of Adobe* Photoshop* and other commercial programs. Use it to resize and retouch photographs, design graphics for Web pages, create covers for your custom CDs, or almost any other graphics project. It meets the needs of both amateurs and professionals.
- 19 GNOME Videos
GNOME Videos is the default movie player. GNOME Videos provides the following multimedia features:
- 20 Brasero: Burning CDs and DVDs
Brasero is a GNOME program for writing data and audio CDs and DVDs. Start the program from the main menu by clicking
› › .The following sections are a quick introduction on how to create your own CD or DVD.
18 GIMP: Manipulating Graphics #
GIMP (the GNU Image Manipulation Program) is a program for creating and editing raster graphics. In most aspects, its features are comparable to those of Adobe* Photoshop* and other commercial programs. Use it to resize and retouch photographs, design graphics for Web pages, create covers for your custom CDs, or almost any other graphics project. It meets the needs of both amateurs and professionals.
GIMP is an extremely complex program. Only a small range of features, tools, and menu items are discussed in this chapter. See Seção 18.8, “For More Information” for ideas of where to find more information about the program.
18.1 Graphics Formats #
There are two main types of digital graphics: raster and vector. GIMP is intended for working with raster graphics, which are most often used for digital photographs or scanned images.
Raster Images. A raster image is a collection of pixels: Small blocks of color that create an entire image when put together. High resolution images contain a large number of pixels. Because of this, such image files can easily become quite large. It is not possible to increase the size of a raster image without losing quality.
GIMP supports most common formats of raster graphics, like JPEG, PNG, GIF, BMP, TIFF, PSD, and more.
Vector Images. Unlike raster images, vector images do not store information about individual pixels. Instead, they use geometric primitives such as points, lines, curves, and polygons. Vector images can be scaled very easily. Depending on their content, vector image files can both be very small or very large. However, their file size is usually independent of their display size.
The disadvantage of vector images is that they are not good at representing complex images with many colors such as photographs. There are many specialized applications for vector graphics, for example Inkscape. GIMP has very limited support for vector graphics. For example, GIMP can open and rasterize vector graphics in SVG format or work with vector paths.
GIMP supports only the most common color spaces:
RGB images with 8 bits per channel. This equals 24 bits per pixel in RGB images without an alpha channel (transparency). With an alpha channel, that equals 32 bits per pixel.
Grayscale images with 8 bits per pixel.
Indexed images with up to 255 colors.
Many high-end digital cameras produce image files with color depths above 8 bits per channel. If you import such an image into GIMP, you will lose some color information. GIMP also does not support a CMYK color mode for professional printing.
18.2 Starting GIMP #
To start GIMP, select
› › .18.3 User Interface Overview #
By default, GIMP shows three windows. The toolbox, an empty image window with the menu bar, and a window containing several docked dialogs. The windows can be arranged on the screen as you need them. If they are no longer needed, they can also be closed. Closing the image window when it is empty quits the application.
In the default configuration, GIMP saves your window layout when you quit. Dialogs left open reappear when you next start the program.
If you want to combine all windows of GIMP, activate
› .18.3.1 The Image Window #
If there is currently no image open, the image window is empty, containing only the menu bar and the drop area, which can be used to open any file by dragging and dropping it there. Every new, opened, or scanned image appears in its own window. If there is more than one open image, each image has its own image window. There is always at least one image window open.
In Single-Window Mode, all image windows are accessible from a tab bar at the top of the window.
The menu bar at the top of the window provides access to all image functions. You can also access the menu by right-clicking the image or clicking the small arrow button in the top left corner of the rulers.
The
menu offers the standard file operations, such as , , , and . quits the application.With the items in the
menu, control the display of the image and the image window. opens a second display window of the current image. Changes made in one view are reflected in all other views of that image. Alternate views are useful for magnifying a part of an image for manipulation while seeing the complete image in another view. Adjust the magnification level of the current window with . When is selected, the image window is resized to fit the current image display exactly.18.3.2 The Toolbox #
The toolbox contains drawing tools, a color selector, and a freely configurable space for options pages. If you accidentally close the toolbox, you can reopen it by clicking
› .To find out what a particular tool does, hover over its icon. At the very top, there is a drop area which can be used to open any image file by simply dragging and dropping it there.
The current foreground and background color are shown in two overlapping boxes. The default colors are black for the foreground and white for the background. Swap the foreground and background color with the bent arrow icon to the upper right of the boxes. Use the black and white icon to the lower left to reset the colors to the default. Click the box to open a color selection dialog.
Under the toolbox, a dialog shows options for the currently selected tool. If it is not visible, open it by double-clicking the icon of the tool in the toolbox.
18.3.3 Layers, Channels, Paths, Undo #
shows the color channels of the current image and can manipulate them.
Paths are a vector-based method of selecting parts of an image. They can also be used for drawing. Seção 18.6.5, “Undoing Mistakes”.
shows the paths available for an image and provides access to path functions. shows a limited history of modifications made to the current image. Its use is described in18.4 Getting Started #
Although GIMP can be a bit overwhelming for new users, most quickly find it easy to use after they work out a few basics. Crucial basic functions are creating, opening, and saving images.
18.4.1 Creating a New Image #
To create a new image, select
› . This opens a dialog in which you can make settings for the new image.If desired, select a predefined setting called a
.Nota: Custom TemplatesTo create a custom template, select
› › and use the controls offered by the window that opens.In the
section, set the size of the image to create in pixels or another unit. Click the name of the unit to select another unit from the list of available units.(Opcional) To set a different resolution, click , then change the value for .
The default resolution of GIMP is usually 72 pixels per inch. This corresponds to a common screen display and is sufficient for most Web page graphics. For print images, use a higher resolution, such as 300 pixels per inch.
In Seção 18.6.7, “Image Modes”.
, select whether the image should be in color ( ) or . For detailed information about image types, seeIn
select the color the image is filled with. You can choose between and set in the toolbox, or for a transparent image. Transparency is represented by a gray checkerboard pattern.When the settings meet your needs, click
.
18.4.2 Opening an Existing Image #
To open an existing image, select
› .In the dialog that opens, select the desired file and click
.18.5 Saving and Exporting Images #
GIMP makes a distinction between saving and exporting images.
Saving an Image. The image is stored with all its properties in a lossless format. This includes, for example, layer and path information. This means that repeatedly opening and saving the image will neither degrade its quality nor how well it can be edited.
To save an image, use
› or › . To be able to store all properties, only the native format of GIMP is allowed in this mode: the XCF format.Exporting an image. The image is stored in a format in which some properties can be lost. For example, most image formats do not support layers. When exporting, GIMP will often tell you which properties will be lost and ask you to decide how to proceed.
To export an image, use
› or › . Below is a selection of the most common file formats that GIMP can export to:- JPEG
A common format for photographs and Web page graphics without transparency. Its compression method enables reduction of file sizes, but information is lost when compressing. It may be a good idea to use the preview option when adjusting the compression level. Levels of 85% to 75% often result in an acceptable image quality with reasonable compression. Repeatedly opening a JPEG and then saving can quickly result in poor image quality.
- GIF
Although very popular in the past for graphics with transparency, GIF is less often used now. GIF is also used for animated images. The format can only save indexed images. See Seção 18.6.7, “Image Modes” for information about indexed images. The file size can often be quite small if only a few colors are used.
- PNG
With its support for transparency, lossless compression, and good browser support, PNG is the preferred format for Web graphics with transparency. An added advantage is that PNG offers partial transparency, which is not offered by GIF. This enables smoother transitions from colored areas to transparent areas (antialiasing). It also supports the full RGB color space which makes it usable for photos. However, it cannot be used for animations.
18.6 Editing Images #
GIMP provides several tools for making changes to images. The functions described here are those most interesting for smaller edits.
18.6.1 Changing the Size of an Image #
After an image is scanned or a digital photograph is loaded from the camera, it is often necessary to modify the size for display on a Web page or for printing. Images can easily be made smaller either by scaling them down or by cutting off parts of them.
Enlarging an image is much more problematic. Because of the nature of raster graphics, quality is lost when an image is enlarged. It is recommended to keep a copy of your original image before scaling or cropping.
18.6.1.1 Cropping an Image #
Select the crop tool from the toolbox (the paper knife icon) or click
› › .Click a starting corner and drag to outline the area to keep. A rectangle showing the crop area will appear.
To adjust the size of the rectangle, move your mouse pointer above any of the rectangle's sides or corners, then click and drag to resize as desired. If you want to adjust both width and height of the rectangle, use a corner. To adjust only one dimension, use a side. To move the whole rectangle to a different position without resizing, click anywhere near its center and drag to the desired position.
When you are satisfied with the crop area, click anywhere inside to crop the image or press Enter. To cancel the cropping, click anywhere outside the crop area.
18.6.1.2 Scaling an Image #
Select
› to change the overall size of an image.Select the new size by entering it in
or .To change the proportions of the image when scaling (this distorts the image), click the chain icon to the right of the fields to break the link between them. When those fields are linked, all values are changed proportionately. Adjust the resolution with
and .The
option controls the quality of the resulting image. The default interpolation method usually is a good standard to use.When you are finished, click
.
18.6.1.3 Changing the Canvas Size #
The canvas is the entire visible area of an image. Canvas and image are independent from each other. If the canvas is smaller than the image, you can only see part of the image. If the canvas is larger, you see the original image with extra space around it.
Select
› .In the dialog that opens, enter the new size. To make sure the dimensions of the image stay the same, click the chain icon.
After adjusting the size, determine how the existing image should be positioned in comparison to the new size. Use the
values or drag the box inside the frame at the bottom.When you are finished, click
.
18.6.2 Selecting Parts of Images #
It is often useful to perform an image operation on only part of an image. To do this, the part of the image with which you want to work must be selected. Areas can be selected using the selection tools available in the toolbox, using the quick mask, or combining different options. Selections can also be modified with the items under marching ants.
. The selection is outlined with a dashed line, called18.6.2.1 Using the Selection Tools #
The main selection tools are easy to use. The more complicated paths tool is not described here.
To determine whether a new selection should replace, be added to, be subtracted from, or intersect with an existing selection, use the
row in the tool options.- Rectangle Select
This tool can be used to select rectangular or square areas. To select an area with a fixed aspect ratio, width, height or size, activate the Shift while selecting a region.
option and choose the relevant mode in the dialog. To create a square, hold- Ellipse Select
Use this to select elliptical or circular areas. The same options are available as with the rectangular selection. To create a circle, hold Shift while selecting a region.
- Free Select (Lasso)
With this tool, you can create a selection based on a combination of freehand drawing and polygonal segments. To draw a freehand line, drag the mouse over the image with the left mouse button pressed. To create a polygonal segment, release the mouse button where the segment should start and press it again where the segment should end. To complete the selection, hover the pointer above the starting point and click inside the circle.
- Fuzzy Select (Magic Wand)
This tool selects a continuous region based on color similarities. Set the maximum difference between colors in the tool options dialog in
. By default, the selection is based only on the active layer. To base the selection on all visible layers, check .- Select by Color
With this tool, select all the pixels in the image with the same or a similar color as the clicked pixel. The maximum difference between colors can be set in the tool options dialog in
. The important difference between this tool and Fuzzy Select is that works on continuous color areas while selects all pixels with similar colors in the whole image regardless of their position.- Scissors
Click a series of points in the image. As you click, the points are connected based on color differences. Click the first point to close the area. Convert it to a regular selection by clicking inside it.
- Foreground Selection
The
tool lets you semi-automatically select an object in a photograph with minimal manual effort.
To use the
tool, follow these steps:Activate the
tool by clicking its icon in the or choosing › › from the menu.Roughly select the foreground object you want to extract. Select as little as possible from the background but include the whole object. At this point, the tool works like the
tool.When you release the mouse button, the deselected part of the image is covered with a dark blue mask.
Draw a continuous line through the foreground object going over colors which will be kept for the extraction. Do not paint over background pixels.
When you release the mouse button, the entire background is covered with a dark blue mask. If parts of the object are also masked, paint over them. The mask will adapt.
When you are satisfied with the mask, press Enter. The mask will be converted to a new selection.
18.6.2.2 Using the Quick Mask #
The quick mask is a way of selecting parts of an image using the paint tools. A good way to use it is to first create a rough selection using the
or tool. Then start using the :To activate the
, in the lower left corner of the image window, click the icon with the dashed box. The icon now changes to a red box.The
highlights the deselected parts of the image with a red overlay. Areas appearing in their normal color are selected.Nota: Changing the Color of the MaskTo use a different color for displaying the quick mask, right-click the quick mask button then select
from the menu. Click the colored box in the dialog that opens to select a new color.To modify the selection, use the paint tools.
Painting with white selects the painted pixels. Painting with black deselects pixels. Shades of gray (colors are treated as shades of gray) create a partial selection. Partial selections allow a smooth transition between selected and deselected areas.
When you are finished, return to the normal selection view by clicking the icon in the lower left corner of the image window. The selection is then displayed with the marching ants.
18.6.3 Applying and Removing Color #
Most image editing involves applying or removing color. By selecting a part of the image, you can limit where color can be applied or removed. When you select a tool and move the mouse pointer onto an image, the appearance of the mouse pointer changes to reflect the chosen tool.
With many tools, an icon of the current tool is shown along with the arrow. For paint tools, an outline of the current brush is shown, allowing you to see exactly where you will be painting in the image and how large of an area will be painted.
18.6.3.1 Selecting Colors #
The GIMP toolbox always shows two color swatches. The foreground color is used by the paint tools. The background color is used much more rarely, but it can easily be switched to become the foreground color.
To change the color displayed in a swatch, click the swatch. A dialog with five tabs opens.
These tabs provide different color selection methods. Only the first tab, shown in Figura 18.2, “The Basic Color Selector Dialog”, is described here. The new color is shown in . The previous color is shown in .
Figura 18.2: The Basic Color Selector Dialog #The easiest way to select a color is by using the colored areas in the boxes to the left. In the narrow vertical bar, click a color similar to the desired color. The larger box to the left then shows available nuances. Click the desired color. It is then shown in
.The arrow button to the right of
allows saving colors. Click the arrow to copy the current color to the history. A color can then be selected by clicking it in the history.A color can also be selected by directly entering its hexadecimal color code in
.The color selector defaults to selecting a color by hue. To select by saturation, value, red, green, or blue, select the corresponding radio button to the right. The sliders and number fields can also be used to modify the currently selected color. Experiment a bit to find out what works best for you.
When you are finished, click
.
To select a color that already exists in your image, use the eye dropper tool. With the tool options, set whether the foreground or background color should be selected.
18.6.3.2 Painting and Erasing #
To paint and erase, use the tools from the toolbox. There are a number of options available to fine-tune each tool. Pressure sensitivity options apply only when a pressure-sensitive graphics tablet is used.
The pencil, brush, airbrush, and eraser work much like their real-life equivalents. The ink tool works like a calligraphy pen. Paint by clicking and dragging. The bucket fill is a method of coloring areas of an image. It fills based on color boundaries in the image. Adjusting the threshold modifies its sensitivity to color changes.
18.6.3.3 Adding Text #
To add text, use the text tool. Use the tool options to select the desired font and text properties. Click into the image, then start writing.
The text tool creates text in a special layer. To work with the image after adding text, read Seção 18.6.6, “Layers”. When the text layer is active, it is possible to modify the text by clicking in the image to reopen the entry dialog.
18.6.3.4 Retouching Images—The Clone Tool #
The clone tool is ideal for retouching images. It enables you to paint in an image using information from another part of the image. If desired, it can instead take information from a pattern.
When retouching, use a small brush with soft edges. In this way, the modifications can blend better with the original image.
To select the source point in the image, press and hold Ctrl while clicking the desired source point. Then paint with the tool. When you move the cursor while painting, the source point, marked by a cross, moves as well.
If the
is set to (the default setting), the source resets to the original when you release the left mouse button.18.6.4 Adjusting Color Levels #
Images often need a little adjusting to get ideal print or display results.
Select
› . A dialog opens for controlling the levels in the image.Good results can usually be obtained by clicking
. To make manual adjustments to all channels, use the dropper tools in to pick areas in the image that should be black, neutral gray, and white.To modify an individual channel, select the desired channel in
. Then drag the black, white, and middle markers in the slider in . You can also use the dropper tools to select points in the image that should serve as the white, black, and gray points for that channel.If
is checked, the image window shows a preview of the image with the modifications applied.When you are finished, click
.
18.6.5 Undoing Mistakes #
Most modifications made in GIMP can be undone. To view a history of modifications, use the undo dialog included in the default window layout or open one from the image window menu with
› › .The dialog shows a base image and a series of editing changes that can be undone. Use the buttons to undo and redo changes. In this way, you can often work back to the base image.
You can also undo and redo changes using Ctrl–Z and Ctrl–Y.
and from the menu. Alternatively, use the shortcuts18.6.6 Layers #
Layers are a very important aspect of GIMP. By drawing parts of your image on separate layers, you can change, move, or delete those parts without damaging the rest of the image.
To understand how layers work, imagine an image created from a stack of transparent sheets. Different parts of the image are drawn on different sheets. The stack can be arranged and sorted. Individual layers or groups of layers can shift position, moving sections of the image to other locations. New sheets can be added and others can be removed or made invisible.
Use the
dialog to view the available layers of an image. The text tool automatically creates special text layers when used. The active layer is selected. The buttons at the bottom of the dialog offer several functions. More are available in the menu opened when a layer is right-clicked in the dialog. The two icon spaces before the image name are used for toggling image visibility (eye icon when visible) and for linking layers. Linked layers are marked with the chain icon and moved as a group.18.6.7 Image Modes #
GIMP has three image modes:
RGB is a normal color mode and is the best mode for editing most images.
Grayscale is used for black-and-white images.
Indexed mode limits the colors in the image to a set number. The maximum number of colors in this mode is 255. It is mainly used for GIF images.
If you need an indexed image, it is normally best to edit the image in RGB, then convert to indexed right before exporting. If you export to a format that requires an indexed image, GIMP offers to index the image when exporting.
18.6.8 Special Effects #
GIMP includes a wide range of filters and scripts for enhancing images, adding special effects to them or making artistic manipulations. They are available in
. Experimenting is the best way to find out what is available.18.7 Printing Images #
To print an image, select
› from the image menu. If your printer is configured in the system, it should appear in the list. You can configure printing options on and tabs.When you are satisfied with the settings, click
. aborts printing.18.8 For More Information #
The following resources are very useful for users of GIMP. They contain much more information about GIMP than this chapter. If you want to use GIMP for more advanced tasks, you should not miss these resources.
http://www.gimp.org is the official home page of The GIMP. News about GIMP and related software are regularly posted on the front page.
gimp-help
needs to be installed. This documentation is also available online in HTML and PDF formats at http://docs.gimp.org. Translations into many languages are available.A collection of many interesting GIMP tutorials is maintained at http://www.gimp.org/tutorials/. It contains basic tutorials for beginners and tutorials for advanced or expert users.
Printed books about GIMP are published regularly. You will find a selection of the best ones with short annotations at http://www.gimp.org/books/.
GIMP functionality can be extended with scripts and plug-ins. Many such scripts and plug-ins are distributed in the GIMP package, but others can be downloaded from the Internet.
You can also use mailing lists or IRC channels to ask questions about GIMP. Always try to find answers in the documentation mentioned above or in mailing list archives before asking your question. The time of experienced users present on GIMP lists and channels is limited. Be polite and patient. It may take some time before your question is answered.
There are several mailing lists about GIMP. You will find them at http://www.gimp.org/mail_lists.html. The GIMP User list is the most appropriate place to ask user questions.
There is a whole IRC network dedicated to GIMP and GNOME desktop environment—GIMPNet. You can connect to GIMPNet with your favorite IRC client by pointing it at the
irc.gimp.org
server. The#gimp-users
channel is the right place to ask question about using GIMP. If you want to listen to developer's discussions, join the#gimp
channel.
19 GNOME Videos #
GNOME Videos is the default movie player. GNOME Videos provides the following multimedia features:
Support for a variety of video and audio files
A variety of zoom levels and aspect ratios, and a full screen view
Seek and volume controls
Playlists
Complete keyboard navigation
To start GNOME Videos, click
› › .19.1 Using GNOME Videos #
When you start GNOME Videos, the following window is displayed.
19.1.1 Opening a Video or Audio File #
Click
› .Select the files you want to open, then click
You can also drag a file from another application (such as a file manager) to the GNOME Videos window. GNOME Videos opens the file and plays the movie or song. GNOME Videos displays the title of the movie or song beneath the display area and in the titlebar of the window.
If you try to open a file format that GNOME Videos does not recognize, the application displays an error message and recommends a suitable codec.
You can double-click a video or audio file in GNOME Files to open it in the GNOME Videos window by default.
19.1.2 Opening a Video or Audio File By URI Location #
Click
› .Specify the URI location of the file you want to open, then click
.
19.1.3 Playing a DVD, VCD, or CD #
To play a DVD, VCD, or CD, insert the disc in the optical device of your computer, then click
› .To eject a DVD, VCD, or CD, click
› .To pause a movie or song that is playing, click the button, or click › . When you pause a movie or song, the statusbar displays and the time elapsed on the current movie or song.
To resume playing a movie or song, click the button, or click › .
To play or pause a movie, you can also press P.
To view properties of a movie or song, click
› to make the sidebar appear. The dialog contains the title, artist, year, and duration of movie or song, video dimensions, codec, frame rate, and the audio bit rate.19.1.4 Seeking Through Movies or Songs #
To seek through movies or songs, use any of the following methods:
19.1.5 Changing the Zoom Factor #
To change the zoom factor of the display area, use any of the following methods:
- To zoom to full screen mode
Click F.
› . Alternatively, pressTo exit fullscreen mode, click Esc.
or press- To zoom to half size (50%) of the original movie or visualization
Click
› › .- To zoom to size (100%) of the original movie or visualization
Click
› › .- To zoom to double size (200%) of the original movie or visualization
Click
› › .
To switch between different aspect ratios, click
› .The default aspect ratio is
.19.1.6 Showing or Hiding Controls #
To hide the window controls of GNOME Videos, click
› and deselect the option. To show the controls on the GNOME Videos window, right-click the window, then select . If the Show Controls option is selected, GNOME Videos shows the menubar, time elapsed slider, seek control buttons, volume slider, and statusbar on the window. If the Show Controls option is not selected, the application hides these controls and shows only the display area.19.1.7 Managing Playlists #
To show the playlist, click
› . The Playlist sidebar is displayed.You can use the Playlist dialog to do the following:
To add a track or movie: Click the button. Select the file you want to add to the playlist, then click .
To remove a track or movie: Select the file names from the file name list box, then click .
To save a playlist to file: Click the button, then specify a file name.
To move a track or movie up the playlist: Select the file name from the file name list box, then click the button.
To move a track or movie down the playlist: Select the file name from the file name list box, then click the button.
To hide the playlist, click
› , or click the button.To enable or disable repeat mode, click
› . To enable or disable shuffle mode, click › .19.1.8 Choosing Subtitles #
To choose the language of the subtitles, click
› › , then select the subtitles language (DVD) or subtitle file (AVI etc.) you want to display.To disable the display of subtitles, click
› › .By default, GNOME Videos chooses the same language for the subtitles that you use on your computer.
GNOME Videos automatically loads and displays subtitles if the file that
contains them has the same name as the video file. It supports the
following subtitle file extensions: srt
,
asc
, txt
,
sub
, smi
, or
ssa
.
19.2 Modifying GNOME Videos Preferences #
To modify GNOME Videos preferences, click
› .19.2.1 General Preferences #
The General Preferences let you select a network connection speed, specify if media files should be played from the last used position, and change the font and encoding used to display subtitles.
General Preferences include the following:
- Playback
Lets you specify whether to start playing the movie from the last position.
- Networking
Select network connection speed from the Connection speed drop-down box.
- Text Subtitles
Lets you specify whether to load the subtitles automatically, and change the font and encoding used to display the subtitles.
19.2.2 Display Preferences #
The Display Preferences let you choose to automatically resize the window when a new video is loaded, change the color balance, and configure visual effects when an audio file is played.
Display Preferences include the following:
- Automatically resize the window when a new video is loaded
Select this option if you want GNOME Videos to automatically resize the window when a new video is loaded.
- Disable the screen saver when playing video or audio
Select this option if you want GNOME Videos to automatically disable the desktop screen saver while an audio file is playing.
- Visual Effects
You can choose to show visual effects when an audio file is playing, select the type of visualization you want to show, and the visualization size.
- Color Balance
Specify the level of color brightness, contrast, saturation, and hue.
19.2.3 Audio Preferences #
The Audio Preferences dialog lets you select the audio output type.
20 Brasero: Burning CDs and DVDs #
Brasero is a GNOME program for writing data and audio CDs and DVDs. Start the program from the main menu by clicking
› › .The following sections are a quick introduction on how to create your own CD or DVD.
20.1 Creating a Data CD or DVD #
After starting Brasero for the first time, the main window appears as shown in Figura 20.1.
To create a data CD or DVD, proceed as follows:
Click
or select › › . The project view appears.Drag and drop the desired directories or individual files either from your file manager or by clicking the plus icon. To show your directory structure directly in Brasero, select F7.
› or pressOptionally, save the project under a name of your choice with
› .Name your medium. The original label is
.Choose the output medium from the pull down menu next to the
button (CD/DVD or an ISO image file).Click
. A new dialog appears, depending on what medium you have selected in the previous step:CD/DVD. You can define some parameters, like the burning speed or where to store temporary files. Under you can also choose whether to burn the image directly, close the session, verify the written data, and others.
ISO Image. Specify a file name for your ISO image file.
Start the process with
.
20.2 Creating an Audio CD #
There are no significant differences between creating an audio CD and creating a data CD. Proceed as follows:
Select
› › .Drag and drop the individual audio tracks to the project directory. The audio data must be in WAV or Ogg Vorbis format. Determine the sequence of the tracks by moving them up or down in the project directory.
Click
. A dialog opens.Specify a drive to write to.
Click
to adjust burning speed and other preferences. When burning audio CDs, choose a lower burning speed to reduce the risk of burn errors.Click
.
20.3 Copying a CD or DVD #
To copy a CD or DVD, proceed as follows:
Click
or go to › › . The dialog opens.Specify the source drive you want to copy.
Specify a drive or image file to write to.
If necessary, change the burning speed, the temporary directory and other options in
.Click
.
20.4 Writing ISO Images #
If you already have an ISO image, click
or go to › › . Choose the image to write and a disc to write to. If necessary, change parameters by clicking . Choose the location of the image file with the pop-up menu labeled . Start the burning process and click .20.5 Creating a Multisession CD or DVD #
Multisession discs can be used to write data in more than one burning session. This is useful, for example, for writing backups that are smaller than the media. In each session, you can add another backup file. One note of interest is that you are not only limited to data CDs or DVDs. You can also add audio sessions in a multisession disc.
To start a new multisession disc, do the following:
Start with a data disc first as described in Seção 20.1, “Creating a Data CD or DVD”. You cannot start with an audio CD session. Make sure that you do not fill up the entire disc, because otherwise you cannot append a new session.
Click
. The window opens.Select
to make the disc multisession capable. Configure other options if needed.Start the burning session with
.
20.6 For More Information #
You can find more information about Brasero at https://wiki.gnome.org/Apps/Brasero.
A Ajuda e documentação #
O SUSE® Linux Enterprise Server vem com várias fontes de informações e documentação, muitas das quais já integradas ao sistema instalado:
- Centro de Ajuda da Área de Trabalho
O centro de ajuda da área de trabalho do GNOME (Ajuda) oferece acesso centralizado aos recursos de documentação mais importantes no sistema de forma pesquisável. Esses recursos incluem ajuda online para os aplicativos instalados, páginas de manual, páginas de informações e os manuais do SUSE fornecidos com o produto. Saiba mais na Seção A.1, “Usando a ajuda do GNOME”.
- Pacotes de Ajuda separados para alguns aplicativos
Quando um novo software é instalado com o YaST, a respectiva documentação é instalada automaticamente e, em geral, aparece no centro de ajuda da área de trabalho. Porém, alguns aplicativos, como o GIMP, podem ter diversos pacotes de ajuda online que podem ser instalados separadamente com o YaST e que não se integram aos centros de ajuda.
- Documentação em
/usr/share/doc
Este diretório de ajuda tradicional contém vários arquivos de documentação e as notas de versão do seu sistema. Mais informações podem ser encontradas na Book “Administration Guide”, Chapter 40 “Help and Documentation”, Section 40.1 “Documentation Directory”.
- Páginas de manual e páginas de informações para comandos do shell
Ao trabalhar com o shell, você não precisa saber de cor as opções de comandos. Tradicionalmente, o shell oferece ajuda integrada por meio das páginas de manual e de informações. Leia mais na Book “Administration Guide”, Chapter 40 “Help and Documentation”, Section 40.2 “Man Pages” e na Book “Administration Guide”, Chapter 40 “Help and Documentation”, Section 40.3 “Info Pages”.
A.1 Usando a ajuda do GNOME #
Na área de trabalho do GNOME, para iniciar a Ajuda diretamente de um aplicativo, clique no botão F1. Ambas as opções o levam diretamente à documentação do aplicativo no centro de ajuda. No entanto, você também pode iniciar a Ajuda abrindo um terminal e digitando yelp
ou, no menu principal, clicando em › › .
Para obter uma visão geral dos manuais de aplicativos disponíveis, clique no ícone de menu e selecione a opção para exibir
.O menu e a barra de ferramentas incluem opções para navegar no centro de ajuda para pesquisar e imprimir o conteúdo da Ajuda. Os tópicos de ajuda são agrupados em categorias apresentadas como links. Clique em um dos links para abrir uma lista de tópicos para essa categoria. Para pesquisar um item, clique no ícone de pesquisa e digite a string no campo na parte superior da janela.
A.2 Recursos de ajuda adicionais #
Além dos manuais do SUSE instalados em /usr/share/doc
, você pode acessar a documentação e os manuais específicos do produto na Web. Para uma visão geral de toda a documentação disponível para o SUSE Linux Enterprise Server, visite a página de documentação específica do seu produto na Web em https://documentation.suse.com/.
Se você estiver pesquisando mais informações relativas ao produto, também poderá consultar os seguintes sites:
Você também pode experimentar mecanismos de pesquisa gerais. Por exemplo, use os termos de pesquisa Linux CD-RW ajuda
ou LibreOffice problema conversão arquivos
se estiver com problemas de gravação de CD ou de conversão de arquivos no LibreOffice.
A.3 Para obter mais informações #
Além dos recursos de ajuda específicos do produto, há uma ampla gama de informações disponíveis sobre tópicos relacionados ao Linux.
A.3.1 O Projeto de Documentação do Linux #
O TLDP (The Linux Documentation Project — O Projeto de Documentação do Linux) é administrado por uma equipe de voluntários que escrevem a documentação relacionada ao Linux (acesse http://www.tldp.org). O conjunto de documentos contém tutoriais para iniciantes, mas é direcionado principalmente a usuários experientes e administradores de sistema profissionais. O TLDP publica HOWTOs, FAQs e guias (manuais) sob uma licença gratuita. Partes da documentação do TLDP também estão disponíveis no SUSE Linux Enterprise Server.
A.3.1.1 Perguntas frequentes (FAQ) #
FAQs (perguntas frequentes) são uma série de perguntas e respostas. Elas provêm de grupos de discussão da Usenet, onde o objetivo era reduzir a resposta contínua das mesmas perguntas básicas.
A.3.1.2 Guias #
Você encontra manuais e guias sobre tópicos ou programas variados em http://www.tldp.org/guides.html. Eles variam de Bash Guide for Beginners (Guia do Bash para Iniciantes), Linux File System Hierarchy (Hierarquia do Sistema de Arquivos do Linux) ao Linux Administrator's Security Guide (Guia de Segurança do Administrador do Linux). Em geral, os guias são mais detalhados e abrangentes do que os HOWTOs ou as perguntas frequentes (FAQs). Eles são geralmente escritos por especialistas para especialistas.
A.3.2 Wikipédia: a enciclopédia livre online #
Wikipedia é uma “enciclopédia multilíngue que pode ser lida e editada por qualquer pessoa” (consulte http://en.wikipedia.org). O conteúdo da Wikipédia é criado por seus usuários e publicado sob uma licença dual gratuita (GFDL e CC-BY-SA). No entanto, como qualquer visitante pode editar a Wikipédia, ela deve ser usada apenas como um ponto de partida ou um guia geral. Há muita informação incompleta ou incorreta nela.
A.3.3 Padrões e especificações #
Há várias fontes que fornecem informações sobre padrões ou especificações.
- http://www.linux-foundation.org/en/LSB
O Linux Foundation é uma organização independente sem fins lucrativos que promove a distribuição de software gratuito e de código-fonte aberto. A organização empenha-se em obter isso definindo padrões independentes de distribuição. A manutenção de vários padrões, como o importante LSB (Linux Standard Base - Base Padrão Linux), é supervisionada por esta organização.
- http://www.w3.org
O World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) é uma das organizações de padronização mais renomadas. Ela foi fundada em outubro de 1994 por Tim Berners-Lee e concentra-se na padronização de tecnologias da Web. O W3C promove a disseminação de especificações livres, sem licença e independentes de fabricante, como HTML, XHTML e XML. Esses padrões da Web são desenvolvidos em um processo de quatro etapas em grupos de trabalho e são apresentados ao público como recomendações do W3C (REC).
- http://www.oasis-open.org
A OASIS (Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards - Organização para o Desenvolvimento dos Padrões de Informações Estruturadas) é um consórcio internacional especializado no desenvolvimento de padrões para segurança da Web, e-business, transações comerciais, logística e interoperabilidade entre vários mercados.
- http://www.ietf.org
A Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) é uma cooperativa ativa internacionalmente de pesquisadores, projetistas de rede, fornecedores e usuários. Ela concentra-se no desenvolvimento da arquitetura da Internet e a operação uniforme da Internet através de protocolos.
Cada padrão da IETF é publicado como uma RFC (Request for Comments - solicitação de comentários) e está disponível gratuitamente. Há seis tipos de RFC: padrões propostos, esboços de padrões, padrões da Internet, protocolos experimentais, documentos informativos e padrões históricos. Somente os três primeiros (propostos, esboços e completos) são padrões da IETF no sentido mais restrito (consulte http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1796.txt).
- http://www.ieee.org
O IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers - Instituto de Engenheiros Elétricos e Eletrônicos) é uma organização que cria padrões nas áreas de tecnologia da informação, telecomunicações, medicina e saúde, transporte e outros. Os padrões IEEE estão sujeitos a cobrança.
- http://www.iso.org
O comitê ISO (International Organization for Standards - Organização Internacional de Padronização) é o maior desenvolvedor de padrões do mundo e mantém uma rede de institutos nacionais de padronização em mais de 140 países. Os padrões ISO estão sujeitos a cobrança.
- http://www.din.de , http://www.din.com
O DIN (Deutsches Institut für Normung - Instituto Alemão para Normatização) é uma associação técnica e científica registrada. Ela foi fundada em 1917. De acordo com o DIN, a organização é “a instituição responsável por padrões na Alemanha e representa interesses alemães em organizações de padrões mundiais e europeus.”
A associação reúne fabricantes, consumidores, profissionais do comércio, empresas de serviço, cientistas e outros que têm um interesse no estabelecimento de padrões. Os padrões estão sujeitos a cobrança e podem ser pedidos através da home page da DIN.
B GNU licenses #
This appendix contains the GNU Free Documentation License version 1.2.
GNU Free Documentation License #
Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA. Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
0. PREAMBLE #
The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without modifying it, either commercially or non-commercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for modifications made by others.
This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft license designed for free software.
We have designed this License to use it for manuals for free software, because free software needs free documentation: a free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.
1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS #
This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that work under the conditions stated herein. The "Document", below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you". You accept the license if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission under copyright law.
A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with modifications and/or translated into another language.
A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding them.
The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License. If a section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain zero Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any Invariant Sections then there are none.
The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.
A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy, represented in a format whose specification is available to the general public, that is suitable for revising the document straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount of text. A copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".
Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification. Examples of transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally available, and the machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word processors for output purposes only.
The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself, plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document whose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a specific section name mentioned below, such as "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".) To "Preserve the Title" of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a section "Entitled XYZ" according to this definition.
The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has no effect on the meaning of this License.
2. VERBATIM COPYING #
You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either commercially or non-commercially, provided that this License, the copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.
You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and you may publicly display copies.
3. COPYING IN QUANTITY #
If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other respects.
If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent pages.
If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy a computer-network location from which the general network-using public has access to download using public-standard network protocols a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material. If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the public.
It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.
4. MODIFICATIONS #
You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:
Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version if the original publisher of that version gives permission.
List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release you from this requirement.
State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified Version, as the publisher.
Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent to the other copyright notices.
Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.
Include an unaltered copy of this License.
Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If there is no section Entitled "History" in the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in the previous sentence.
Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise the network locations given in the Document for previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in the "History" section. You may omit a network location for a work that was published at least four years before the Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications", Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.
Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section may not be included in the Modified Version.
Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements" or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice. These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.
You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a standard.
You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.
The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS #
You may combine the Document with other documents released under this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.
The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but different contents, make the title of each such section unique by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.
In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History" in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled "Acknowledgements", and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections Entitled "Endorsements".
6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS #
You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.
You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.
7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS #
A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves derivative works of the Document.
If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole aggregate.
8. TRANSLATION #
Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special permission from their copyright holders, but you may include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a translation of this License, and all the license notices in the Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include the original English version of this License and the original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between the translation and the original version of this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.
If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual title.
9. TERMINATION #
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.
10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE #
The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See https://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.
Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.
ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents #
Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled “GNU Free Documentation License”.
If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, replace the “with...Texts.” line with this:
with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.
If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the situation.
If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free software.