Minimal VM 快速入门

Minimal VM 是一种专为特定使用场景而设计的可自定义极简操作系统，包含一个容器主机、一个虚拟机 Guest、一个设备库或小型服务器映像。Minimal VM 是构建数据中心内使用的系统、创建所需虚拟应用程序映像或设备的基础。您可以根据特定使用情形选择要安装的软件包和组件。为此，Minimal VM 提供了对所有常规储存库的访问途径。

如果您已有 SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 证书，将会自动通过 Minimal VM 认证，因为 Minimal VM 源自同一代码库。SUSE Linux Enterprise Server Minimal VM 允许您缩减操作系统，只提供针对特定使用场景的必要软件包。如此可最大程度减少需要管理和应用的软件包和补丁数量。通过去除不必要的软件包，您还可以减少可能的漏洞数量，从而让精简后的系统更安全。此外，缩小系统占用的空间还可降低资源消耗并提高性能。

Minimal VM 以经过预配置且可立即运行的虚拟机映像的形式提供。系统附带 jeos-firstboot 向导，可在首次引导期间指引您配置系统区域设置和 root 口令。Minimal VM 随附已启用且已从防火墙配置中排除的 SSH 服务器。提供的 KIWI 模板可用于创建自定义 Minimal VM 映像。

Minimal VM 提供可在 AMD64/Intel 64 体系结构上即时部署的服务器映像，适用于以下使用场景：

即时可用的 Minimal VM 映像仅适用于 x86_64 体系结构。您可以下载适用于以下部署目标的 Minimal VM：

重要：支持的虚拟化主机（超级管理程序）

Minimal VM 可在 SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 的虚拟化主机（超级管理程序）上作为虚拟化 Guest 运行。有关受支持超级管理程序的详细信息，请参见第 7.3 节 “支持的主机环境（超级管理程序）”。

2.1 适用于 OpenStack Cloud 的 Minimal VM 映像 #

 

适用于 OpenStack Cloud 的 Minimal VM 是专为在 OpenStack 环境中使用而设计的映像。

适用于 OpenStack Cloud 的 Minimal VM 不会使用 jeos-firstboot 工具配置映像，而是使用 cloud-init 来配置。映像还使用 XFS 文件系统和以下内核配置：

"plymouth.enable=0 console=ttyS0,115200 console=tty0 net.ifnames=0"

这表示该映像并未随附 jeos-firstboot 和 Btrfs 所需的软件包。

适用于 OpenStack Cloud 的 Minimal VM 包含数个与 OpenStack 相关的软件包，例如 cloud-init、cloud-init-config-suse 和 xfsprogs。

2.1.1 cloud-init 基础知识 #

 

cloud-init 会自动将自定义配置应用到正在运行的实例。该工具有多种配置模块，在引导阶段，它可以在映像中执行特定的命令。

cloud-init 的默认配置包含在cloud-init-config-suse 软件包中，位于 /etc/cloud/cloud.cfg 目录中。

2.1.2 cloud-init 配置示例 #

 

默认情况下，cloud-init 不会设置 root 口令，而是创建名为 sles 的用户帐户，该帐户充当默认用户并拥有 sudo 权限。下面的示例会为这两个用户创建口令。

例 1︰ 添加口令 #

 

#cloud-config
chpasswd:
  list: |
    root:$6$SalTsaLt$miA./Q1i1mKR0sYicn/yAzNHP6y32JjOdVIn5agAiaEKaSaZdC3X6CVTW2d/xslQfevCc20teWLurq12x8mbe1
    sles:$6$SalTsaLt$.cuqsgjNGxHJZSLmVqkI/j9.kWIiUQHqjlRswbHjTw9hIXdPomgey2DHzmp6Ho6wgqIKz3ufbOIKdQCnQHPSA1
  expire: False

要创建示例中使用的 SHA-512 哈希，请运行命令：openssl passwd -6 -salt SalTsaLt PASSWORD。

警告：用户口令

为了避免潜在的安全风险，请不要在生产环境中使用口令。即使是使用经过哈希处理的口令，您也可能会遭到字典攻击。为了提高安全性，请使用 SSH 身份验证，而不要使用口令。

创建用户时，请注意系统默认会禁用口令登录，并且新建的用户没有 sudo 权限。

以下示例显示了用于创建各种用户的配置。

例 2︰ 具有口令和 sudo 权限的新用户 #

 

#cloud-config
users:
  - default
  - name: USER
    shell: /bin/bash
    groups: users
    # lock_passwd: Disable password login. Defaults to true
    lock_passwd: false
    passwd: $6$SalTsaLt$.cuqsgjNGxHJZSLmVqkI/j9.kWIiUQHqjlRswbHjTw9hIXdPomgey2DHzmp6Ho6wgqIKz3ufbOIKdQCnQHPSA1
    sudo: ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD:ALL

例 3︰ 具有 SSH 密钥和 sudo 权限的新用户 #

 

#cloud-config
users:
  - name: USER
    shell: /bin/bash
    groups: users
    ssh_import_id: None
    lock_passwd: true
    sudo: ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD:ALL
    ssh_authorized_keys:
      - SSH_PUBLIC_KEY_1
      - SSH_PUBLIC_KEY_2

要连接 SUMA、RMT 或 SUSEConnect 并在其中注册，请使用 runcmd 模块运行所需的命令，例如：

#cloud-config
runcmd:
  - SUSEConnect -r REGISTRATION_CODE -e EMAIL_ADDRESS

有关更多信息，请参见 https://documentation.suse.com/sles/html/SLES-all/cha-register-sle.html。

对于 RMT，配置如下所示：

#cloud-config
runcmd:
  - curl http://RMT_SERVER/tools/rmt-client-setup \ --output rmt-client-setup
  - sh rmt-client-setup https://RMT_SERVER/

有关更多信息，请参见 https://documentation.suse.com/sles/html/SLES-all/cha-rmt-client.html。

对于 SUMA，配置如下所示：

#cloud-config
runcmd:
  - curl -O http://suma01/pub/bootstrap/bootstrap.sh
  - /bin/bash bootstrap.sh

有关更多信息，请参见 https://documentation.suse.com/external-tree/en-us/suma/4.0/suse-manager/client-configuration/registration-bootstrap.html。

最后，下面的示例显示了用于安装某个软件包并在首次引导期间启动某个服务的配置。

#cloud-config
packages:
  - qemu-guest-agent
runcmd:
  - systemctl enable qemu-guest-agent.service
  - systemctl start --no-block qemu-guest-agent.service

如果您的本地计算机上已安装 KVM，您便可使用现成的 Minimal VM 映像来创建虚拟机。这样可以安全地试验 Minimal VM。

从 https://www.suse.com/products/server/jeos/ 上下载适用于 KVM 的 60 天试用版 Minimal VM 映像。

请参考以下过程在 KVM 中创建 Minimal VM 虚拟机。

系统引导后，jeos-firstboot 会指引您完成初始系统设置。

注意：更改区域设置

Minimal VM 映像仅随附 en_US 区域设置。完成设置后，您可以通过安装 glibc-locale 软件包并运行 localectl set-locale LANG=LOCALE 命令（将 LOCALE 替换为所需的语言区域设置，例如 de_DE.UTF-8），来安装并选择所需的系统区域设置。

1. 第一步，系统会提示您使用键盘选择对话框选择合适的键盘布局。

2. 下一步，阅读并接受许可协议。不接受许可协议将无法继续。

3. 指定所需的时区。

4. 出现提示时，指定并确认所需的 root 口令。

5. 最后一步，系统会引导您注册系统。如果您只想测试 Minimal VM，可以跳过注册步骤。

6. 完成初始配置后，您便可以使用在设置过程中指定的口令以 root 身份登录系统。

提示：首次引导后安装产品补丁

我们强烈建议您在成功安装并注册 Minimal VM 后安装可用的最新联机更新。

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