5 Kernel probes #

Kprobes can be attached to any instruction in the Linux kernel. When Kprobes is registered, it inserts a break-point at the first byte of the probed instruction. When the processor hits this break-point, the processor registers are saved, and the processing passes to Kprobes. First, a pre-handler is executed, then the probed instruction is stepped, and, finally a post-handler is executed. The control is then passed to the instruction following the probe point.

Jprobes is implemented through the Kprobes mechanism. It is inserted on a function's entry point and allows direct access to the arguments of the function which is being probed. Its handler routine must have the same argument list and return value as the probed function. To end it, call the jprobe_return() function.

When a jprobe is hit, the processor registers are saved, and the instruction pointer is directed to the jprobe handler routine. The control then passes to the handler with the same register contents as the function being probed. Finally, the handler calls the jprobe_return() function, and switches the control back to the control function.

In general, you can insert multiple probes on one function. Jprobe is, however, limited to only one instance per function.

Return probes are also implemented through Kprobes. When the register_kretprobe() function is called, a kprobe is attached to the entry of the probed function. After hitting the probe, the kernel probes mechanism saves the probed function return address and calls a user-defined return handler. The control is then passed back to the probed function.

Before you call register_kretprobe(), you need to set a maxactive argument, which specifies how many instances of the function can be probed at the same time. If set too low, you will miss a certain number of probes.

The list of all currently registered probes is in the /sys/kernel/debug/kprobes/list file.

saturn.example.com:~ # cat /sys/kernel/debug/kprobes/list
c015d71a  k  vfs_read+0x0   [DISABLED]
c011a316  j  do_fork+0x0
c03dedc5  r  tcp_v4_rcv+0x0

The first column lists the address in the kernel where the probe is inserted. The second column prints the type of the probe: k for kprobe, j for jprobe, and r for return probe. The third column specifies the symbol, offset and optional module name of the probe. The following optional columns include the status information of the probe. If the probe is inserted on a virtual address which is not valid anymore, it is marked with [GONE]. If the probe is temporarily disabled, it is marked with [DISABLED].

The /sys/kernel/debug/kprobes/enabled file represents a switch with which you can globally and forcibly turn on or off all the registered kernel probes. To turn them off, simply enter

# echo "0" > /sys/kernel/debug/kprobes/enabled

on the command line as root. To turn them on again, enter

# echo "1" > /sys/kernel/debug/kprobes/enabled

Note that this way you do not change the status of the probes. If a probe is temporarily disabled, it will not be enabled automatically but will remain in the [DISABLED] state after entering the latter command.