6 LVM volume snapshots #
A Logical Volume Manager (LVM) logical volume snapshot is a copy-on-write technology that monitors changes to an existing volume’s data blocks so that when a write is made to one of the blocks, the block’s value at the snapshot time is copied to a snapshot volume. In this way, a point-in-time copy of the data is preserved until the snapshot volume is deleted.
6.1 Understanding volume snapshots #
A file system snapshot contains metadata about itself and data blocks from a source logical volume that has changed since the snapshot was taken. When you access data via the snapshot, you see a point-in-time copy of the source logical volume. There is no need to restore data from backup media or to overwrite the changed data.
During the snapshot’s lifetime, the snapshot must be mounted before its source logical volume can be mounted.
LVM volume snapshots allow you to create a backup from a point-in-time view of the file system. The snapshot is created instantly and persists until you delete it. You can back up the file system from the snapshot while the volume itself continues to be available for users. The snapshot initially contains some metadata about the snapshot, but no actual data from the source logical volume. Snapshot uses copy-on-write technology to detect when data changes in an original data block. It copies the value it held when the snapshot was taken to a block in the snapshot volume, then allows the new data to be stored in the source block. As more blocks change from their original value on the source logical volume, the snapshot size grows.
When you are sizing the snapshot, consider how much data is expected to change on the source logical volume and how long you plan to keep the snapshot. The amount of space that you allocate for a snapshot volume can vary, depending on the size of the source logical volume, how long you plan to keep the snapshot, and the number of data blocks that are expected to change during the snapshot’s lifetime. The snapshot volume cannot be resized after it is created. As a guide, create a snapshot volume that is about 10% of the size of the original logical volume. If you anticipate that every block in the source logical volume will change at least one time before you delete the snapshot, then the snapshot volume should be at least as large as the source logical volume plus some additional space for metadata about the snapshot volume. Less space is required if the data changes infrequently or if the expected lifetime is sufficiently brief.
In LVM2, snapshots are read/write by default. When you write data directly to the snapshot, that block is marked in the exception table as used, and never gets copied from the source logical volume. You can mount the snapshot volume, and test application changes by writing data directly to the snapshot volume. You can easily discard the changes by dismounting the snapshot, removing the snapshot, and then remounting the source logical volume.
In a virtual guest environment, you can use the snapshot function for LVM logical volumes you create on the server’s disks, as you would on a physical server.
In a virtual host environment, you can use the snapshot function to back up the virtual machine’s storage back-end, or to test changes to a virtual machine image, such as for patches or upgrades, without modifying the source logical volume. The virtual machine must be using an LVM logical volume as its storage back-end, as opposed to using a virtual disk file. You can mount the LVM logical volume and use it to store the virtual machine image as a file-backed disk, or you can assign the LVM logical volume as a physical disk to write to it as a block device.
An LVM logical volume snapshot can be thinly provisioned. Thin provisioning is assumed if you create a snapshot without a specified size. The snapshot is created as a thin volume that uses space as needed from a thin pool. A thin snapshot volume has the same characteristics as any other thin volume. You can independently activate the volume, extend the volume, rename the volume, remove the volume, and even snapshot the volume.
To use thinly provisioned snapshots in a cluster, the source logical volume and its snapshots must be managed in a single cluster resource. This allows the volume and its snapshots to always be mounted exclusively on the same node.
When you are done with the snapshot, it is important to remove it from the system. A snapshot eventually fills up completely as data blocks change on the source logical volume. When the snapshot is full, it is disabled, which prevents you from remounting the source logical volume.
If you create multiple snapshots for a source logical volume, remove the snapshots in a last created, first deleted order.
6.2 Creating Linux snapshots with LVM #
The Logical Volume Manager (LVM) can be used for creating snapshots of your file system.
Open a terminal and enter
>
sudo
lvcreate -s [-L <size>] -n SNAP_VOLUME SOURCE_VOLUME_PATH
If no size is specified, the snapshot is created as a thin snapshot.
For example:
>
sudo
lvcreate -s -L 1G -n linux01-snap /dev/lvm/linux01
The snapshot is created as the /dev/lvm/linux01-snap
volume.
6.3 Monitoring a snapshot #
Open a terminal and enter
>
sudo
lvdisplay SNAP_VOLUME
For example:
>
sudo
lvdisplay /dev/vg01/linux01-snap --- Logical volume --- LV Name /dev/lvm/linux01 VG Name vg01 LV UUID QHVJYh-PR3s-A4SG-s4Aa-MyWN-Ra7a-HL47KL LV Write Access read/write LV snapshot status active destination for /dev/lvm/linux01 LV Status available # open 0 LV Size 80.00 GB Current LE 1024 COW-table size 8.00 GB COW-table LE 512 Allocated to snapshot 30% Snapshot chunk size 8.00 KB Segments 1 Allocation inherit Read ahead sectors 0 Block device 254:5
6.4 Deleting Linux snapshots #
Open a terminal and enter
>
sudo
lvremove SNAP_VOLUME_PATH
For example:
>
sudo
lvremove /dev/lvmvg/linux01-snap
6.5 Using snapshots for virtual machines on a virtual host #
Using an LVM logical volume for a virtual machine’s back-end storage allows flexibility in administering the underlying device, such as making it easier to move storage objects, create snapshots, and back up data. You can mount the LVM logical volume and use it to store the virtual machine image as a file-backed disk, or you can assign the LVM logical volume as a physical disk to write to it as a block device. You can create a virtual disk image on the LVM logical volume, then snapshot the LVM.
You can leverage the read/write capability of the snapshot to create different instances of a virtual machine, where the changes are made to the snapshot for a particular virtual machine instance. You can create a virtual disk image on an LVM logical volume, snapshot the source logical volume, and modify the snapshot for a particular virtual machine instance. You can create another snapshot of the source logical volume, and modify it for a different virtual machine instance. The majority of the data for the different virtual machine instances resides with the image on the source logical volume.
You can also leverage the read/write capability of the snapshot to preserve the virtual disk image while testing patches or upgrades in the guest environment. You create a snapshot of the LVM volume that contains the image, and then run the virtual machine on the snapshot location. The source logical volume is unchanged, and all changes for that machine are written to the snapshot. To return to the source logical volume of the virtual machine image, you power off the virtual machine, then remove the snapshot from the source logical volume. To start over, you re-create the snapshot, mount the snapshot, and restart the virtual machine on the snapshot image.
The following procedure uses a file-backed virtual disk image and the Xen hypervisor. You can adapt the procedure in this section for other hypervisors that run on the SUSE Linux Enterprise platform, such as KVM. To run a file-backed virtual machine image from the snapshot volume:
Ensure that the source logical volume that contains the file-backed virtual machine image is mounted, such as at mount point
/var/lib/xen/images/<IMAGE_NAME>
.Create a snapshot of the LVM logical volume with enough space to store the differences that you expect.
>
sudo
lvcreate -s -L 20G -n myvm-snap /dev/lvmvg/myvmIf no size is specified, the snapshot is created as a thin snapshot.
Create a mount point where you will mount the snapshot volume.
>
sudo
mkdir -p /mnt/xen/vm/myvm-snapMount the snapshot volume at the mount point you created.
>
sudo
mount -t auto /dev/lvmvg/myvm-snap /mnt/xen/vm/myvm-snapIn a text editor, copy the configuration file for the source virtual machine, modify the paths to point to the file-backed image file on the mounted snapshot volume, and save the file such as
/etc/xen/myvm-snap.cfg
.Start the virtual machine using the mounted snapshot volume of the virtual machine.
>
sudo
xm create -c /etc/xen/myvm-snap.cfg(Optional) Remove the snapshot, and use the unchanged virtual machine image on the source logical volume.
>
sudo
umount /mnt/xenvms/myvm-snap>
sudo
lvremove -f /dev/lvmvg/mylvm-snap(Optional) Repeat this process as desired.
6.6 Merging a snapshot with the source logical volume to revert changes or roll back to a previous state #
Snapshots can be useful if you need to roll back or restore data on a volume to a previous state. For example, you might need to revert data changes that resulted from an administrator error or a failed or undesirable package installation or upgrade.
You can use the lvconvert --merge
command to revert the
changes made to an LVM logical volume. The merging begins as follows:
If both the source logical volume and snapshot volume are not open, the merge begins immediately.
If the source logical volume or snapshot volume are open, the merge starts the first time either the source logical volume or snapshot volume are activated and both are closed.
If the source logical volume cannot be closed, such as the root file system, the merge is deferred until the next time the server reboots and the source logical volume is activated.
If the source logical volume contains a virtual machine image, you must shut down the virtual machine, deactivate the source logical volume and snapshot volume (by dismounting them in that order), and then issue the merge command. Because the source logical volume is automatically remounted and the snapshot volume is deleted when the merge is complete, you should not restart the virtual machine until after the merge is complete. After the merge is complete, you use the resulting logical volume for the virtual machine.
After a merge begins, the merge continues automatically after server restarts until it is complete. A new snapshot cannot be created for the source logical volume while a merge is in progress.
While the merge is in progress, reads or writes to the source logical volume are transparently redirected to the snapshot that is being merged. This allows users to immediately view and access the data as it was when the snapshot was created. They do not need to wait for the merge to complete.
When the merge is complete, the source logical volume contains the same data as it did when the snapshot was taken, plus any data changes made after the merge began. The resulting logical volume has the source logical volume’s name, minor number, and UUID. The source logical volume is automatically remounted, and the snapshot volume is removed.
Open a terminal and enter
>
sudo
lvconvert --merge [-b] [-i SECONDS] [SNAP_VOLUME_PATH[...snapN]|@VOLUME_TAG]You can specify one or multiple snapshots on the command line. You can alternatively tag multiple source logical volumes with the same volume tag then specify
@<VOLUME_TAG>
on the command line. The snapshots for the tagged volumes are merged to their respective source logical volumes. For information about tagging logical volumes, see Section 5.10, “Tagging LVM2 storage objects”.The options include:
- -b, --background
Run the daemon in the background. This allows multiple specified snapshots to be merged concurrently in parallel.
- -i, --interval <SECONDS>
Report progress as a percentage at regular intervals. Specify the interval in seconds.
For more information about this command, see the
lvconvert(8)
man page.For example:
>
sudo
lvconvert --merge /dev/lvmvg/linux01-snapThis command merges
/dev/lvmvg/linux01-snap
into its source logical volume.>
sudo
lvconvert --merge @mytagIf
lvol1
,lvol2
, andlvol3
are all tagged withmytag
, each snapshot volume is merged serially with its respective source logical volume; that is:lvol1
, thenlvol2
, thenlvol3
. If the--background
option is specified, the snapshots for the respective tagged logical volume are merged concurrently in parallel.(Optional) If both the source logical volume and snapshot volume are open and they can be closed, you can manually deactivate and activate the source logical volume to get the merge to start immediately.
>
sudo
umount ORIGINAL_VOLUME>
sudo
lvchange -an ORIGINAL_VOLUME>
sudo
lvchange -ay ORIGINAL_VOLUME>
sudo
mount ORIGINAL_VOLUME MOUNT_POINTFor example:
>
sudo
umount /dev/lvmvg/lvol01>
sudo
lvchange -an /dev/lvmvg/lvol01>
sudo
lvchange -ay /dev/lvmvg/lvol01>
sudo
mount /dev/lvmvg/lvol01 /mnt/lvol01(Optional) If both the source logical volume and snapshot volume are open and the source logical volume cannot be closed, such as the
root
file system, you can restart the server and mount the source logical volume to get the merge to start immediately after the restart.