Applies to SUSE Linux Enterprise High Availability 15 SP2

13 Storage Protection and SBD #

SBD (STONITH Block Device) provides a node fencing mechanism for Pacemaker-based clusters through the exchange of messages via shared block storage (SAN, iSCSI, FCoE, etc.). This isolates the fencing mechanism from changes in firmware version or dependencies on specific firmware controllers. SBD needs a watchdog on each node to ensure that misbehaving nodes are really stopped. Under certain conditions, it is also possible to use SBD without shared storage, by running it in diskless mode.

The ha-cluster-bootstrap scripts provide an automated way to set up a cluster with the option of using SBD as fencing mechanism. For details, see the Installation and Setup Quick Start. However, manually setting up SBD provides you with more options regarding the individual settings.

This chapter explains the concepts behind SBD. It guides you through configuring the components needed by SBD to protect your cluster from potential data corruption in case of a split brain scenario.

In addition to node level fencing, you can use additional mechanisms for storage protection, such as LVM exclusive activation or OCFS2 file locking support (resource level fencing). They protect your system against administrative or application faults.

13.1 Conceptual Overview #

SBD expands to Storage-Based Death or STONITH Block Device.

The highest priority of the High Availability cluster stack is to protect the integrity of data. This is achieved by preventing uncoordinated concurrent access to data storage. The cluster stack takes care of this using several control mechanisms.

However, network partitioning or software malfunction could potentially cause scenarios where several DCs are elected in a cluster. If this so-called split brain scenario were allowed to unfold, data corruption might occur.

Node fencing via STONITH is the primary mechanism to prevent this. Using SBD as a node fencing mechanism is one way of shutting down nodes without using an external power off device in case of a split brain scenario.

SBD Components and Mechanisms #

SBD Partition

In an environment where all nodes have access to shared storage, a small partition of the device is formatted for use with SBD. The size of the partition depends on the block size of the used disk (for example, 1 MB for standard SCSI disks with 512 byte block size or 4 MB for DASD disks with 4 kB block size). The initialization process creates a message layout on the device with slots for up to 255 nodes.

SBD Daemon

After the respective SBD daemon is configured, it is brought online on each node before the rest of the cluster stack is started. It is terminated after all other cluster components have been shut down, thus ensuring that cluster resources are never activated without SBD supervision.

Messages

The daemon automatically allocates one of the message slots on the partition to itself, and constantly monitors it for messages addressed to itself. Upon receipt of a message, the daemon immediately complies with the request, such as initiating a power-off or reboot cycle for fencing.

Also, the daemon constantly monitors connectivity to the storage device, and terminates itself in case the partition becomes unreachable. This guarantees that it is not disconnected from fencing messages. If the cluster data resides on the same logical unit in a different partition, this is not an additional point of failure: The workload will terminate anyway if the storage connectivity has been lost.

Watchdog

Whenever SBD is used, a correctly working watchdog is crucial. Modern systems support a hardware watchdog that needs to be “tickled” or “fed” by a software component. The software component (in this case, the SBD daemon) “feeds” the watchdog by regularly writing a service pulse to the watchdog. If the daemon stops feeding the watchdog, the hardware will enforce a system restart. This protects against failures of the SBD process itself, such as dying, or becoming stuck on an I/O error.

If Pacemaker integration is activated, loss of device majority alone does not trigger self-fencing. For example, your cluster contains three nodes: A, B, and C. Because of a network split, A can only see itself while B and C can still communicate. In this case, there are two cluster partitions: one with quorum because of being the majority (B, C), and one without (A). If this happens while the majority of fencing devices are unreachable, node A would self-fence, but nodes B and C would continue to run.

13.2 Overview of Manually Setting Up SBD #

The following steps are necessary to manually set up storage-based protection. They must be executed as root. Before you start, check Section 13.3, “Requirements”.

Setting Up the Watchdog
Depending on your scenario, either use SBD with one to three devices or in diskless mode. For an outline, see Section 13.4, “Number of SBD Devices”. The detailed setup is described in:
- Setting Up SBD with Devices
- Setting Up Diskless SBD
Testing SBD and Fencing

13.3 Requirements #

You can use up to three SBD devices for storage-based fencing. When using one to three devices, the shared storage must be accessible from all nodes.
The path to the shared storage device must be persistent and consistent across all nodes in the cluster. Use stable device names such as /dev/disk/by-id/dm-uuid-part1-mpath-abcedf12345.
The shared storage can be connected via Fibre Channel (FC), Fibre Channel over Ethernet (FCoE), or even iSCSI.
The shared storage segment must not use host-based RAID, LVM, or DRBD*. DRBD can be split, which is problematic for SBD, as there cannot be two states in SBD. Cluster multi-device (Cluster MD) cannot be used for SBD.
However, using storage-based RAID and multipathing is recommended for increased reliability.
An SBD device can be shared between different clusters, as long as no more than 255 nodes share the device.
For clusters with more than two nodes, you can also use SBD in diskless mode.

13.4 Number of SBD Devices #

SBD supports the use of up to three devices:

One Device

The most simple implementation. It is appropriate for clusters where all of your data is on the same shared storage.

Two Devices

This configuration is primarily useful for environments that use host-based mirroring but where no third storage device is available. SBD will not terminate itself if it loses access to one mirror leg, allowing the cluster to continue. However, since SBD does not have enough knowledge to detect an asymmetric split of the storage, it will not fence the other side while only one mirror leg is available. Thus, it cannot automatically tolerate a second failure while one of the storage arrays is down.

Three Devices

The most reliable configuration. It is resilient against outages of one device—be it because of failures or maintenance. SBD will terminate itself only if more than one device is lost and if required, depending on the status of the cluster partition or node. If at least two devices are still accessible, fencing messages can be successfully transmitted.

This configuration is suitable for more complex scenarios where storage is not restricted to a single array. Host-based mirroring solutions can have one SBD per mirror leg (not mirrored itself), and an additional tie-breaker on iSCSI.

Diskless

This configuration is useful if you want a fencing mechanism without shared storage. In this diskless mode, SBD fences nodes by using the hardware watchdog without relying on any shared device. However, diskless SBD cannot handle a split brain scenario for a two-node cluster. Use this option only for clusters with more than two nodes.

13.5 Calculation of Timeouts #

When using SBD as a fencing mechanism, it is vital to consider the timeouts of all components, because they depend on each other.

Watchdog Timeout

This timeout is set during initialization of the SBD device. It depends mostly on your storage latency. The majority of devices must be successfully read within this time. Otherwise, the node might self-fence.

Note: Multipath or iSCSI Setup

If your SBD device(s) reside on a multipath setup or iSCSI, the timeout should be set to the time required to detect a path failure and switch to the next path.

This also means that in /etc/multipath.conf the value of max_polling_interval must be less than watchdog timeout.

msgwait Timeout

This timeout is set during initialization of the SBD device. It defines the time after which a message written to a node's slot on the SBD device is considered delivered. The timeout should be long enough for the node to detect that it needs to self-fence.

However, if the msgwait timeout is relatively long, a fenced cluster node might rejoin before the fencing action returns. This can be mitigated by setting the SBD_DELAY_START parameter in the SBD configuration, as described in Procedure 13.4 in Step 3.

stonith-timeout in the CIB

This timeout is set in the CIB as a global cluster property. It defines how long to wait for the STONITH action (reboot, on, off) to complete.

stonith-watchdog-timeout in the CIB

This timeout is set in the CIB as a global cluster property. If not set explicitly, it defaults to 0, which is appropriate for using SBD with one to three devices. For SBD in diskless mode, this timeout must not be 0. For details, see Procedure 13.8, “Configuring Diskless SBD”.

If you change the watchdog timeout, you need to adjust the other two timeouts as well. The following “formula” expresses the relationship between these three values:

Example 13.1: Formula for Timeout Calculation #

Timeout (msgwait) >= (Timeout (watchdog) * 2)
stonith-timeout >= Timeout (msgwait) + 20%

For example, if you set the watchdog timeout to 120, set the msgwait timeout to at least 240 and the stonith-timeout to at least 288.

If you use the ha-cluster-bootstrap scripts to set up a cluster and to initialize the SBD device, the relationship between these timeouts is automatically considered.

13.6 Setting Up the Watchdog #

SUSE Linux Enterprise High Availability ships with several kernel modules that provide hardware-specific watchdog drivers. For a list of the most commonly used ones, see Commonly used watchdog drivers.

For clusters in production environments we recommend to use a hardware-specific watchdog driver. However, if no watchdog matches your hardware, softdog can be used as kernel watchdog module.

SUSE Linux Enterprise High Availability uses the SBD daemon as the software component that “feeds” the watchdog.

13.6.1 Using a Hardware Watchdog #

Finding the right watchdog kernel module for a given system is not trivial. Automatic probing fails very often. As a result, lots of modules are already loaded before the right one gets a chance.

The following table lists some commonly used watchdog drivers. However, this is not a complete list of supported drivers. If your hardware is not listed here, you can also find a list of choices in the directories /lib/modules/KERNEL_VERSION/kernel/drivers/watchdog and /lib/modules/KERNEL_VERSION/kernel/drivers/ipmi. Alternatively, ask your hardware or system vendor for details on system-specific watchdog configuration.

Table 13.1: Commonly used watchdog drivers #

Hardware	Driver
HP	`hpwdt`
Dell, Lenovo (Intel TCO)	`iTCO_wdt`
Fujitsu	`ipmi_watchdog`
LPAR on IBM Power	`pseries-wdt`
VM on IBM z/VM	`vmwatchdog`
Xen VM (DomU)	`xen_xdt`
VM on VMware vSphere	`wdat_wdt`
Generic	`softdog`

Important: Accessing the Watchdog Timer

Some hardware vendors ship systems management software that uses the watchdog for system resets (for example, HP ASR daemon). If the watchdog is used by SBD, disable such software. No other software must access the watchdog timer.

Procedure 13.1: Loading the Correct Kernel Module #

To make sure the correct watchdog module is loaded, proceed as follows:

List the drivers that have been installed with your kernel version:
```
# rpm -ql kernel-VERSION | grep watchdog
```
List any watchdog modules that are currently loaded in the kernel:
```
# lsmod | egrep "(wd|dog)"
```
If you get a result, unload the wrong module:
```
# rmmod WRONG_MODULE
```

Enable the watchdog module that matches your hardware:

# echo WATCHDOG_MODULE > /etc/modules-load.d/watchdog.conf
# systemctl restart systemd-modules-load

Test whether the watchdog module is loaded correctly:
```
# lsmod | grep dog
```
Verify if the watchdog device is available and works:
```
# ls -l /dev/watchdog*
# sbd query-watchdog
```
If your watchdog device is not available, stop here and check the module name and options. Maybe use another driver.
Verify if the watchdog device works:
```
# sbd -w WATCHDOG_DEVICE test-watchdog
```
Reboot your machine to make sure there are no conflicting kernel modules. For example, if you find the message cannot register ... in your log, this would indicate such conflicting modules. To ignore such modules, refer to https://documentation.suse.com/sles/html/SLES-all/cha-mod.html#sec-mod-modprobe-blacklist.

13.6.2 Using the Software Watchdog (softdog) #

For clusters in production environments we recommend to use a hardware-specific watchdog driver. However, if no watchdog matches your hardware, softdog can be used as kernel watchdog module.

Important: Softdog Limitations

The softdog driver assumes that at least one CPU is still running. If all CPUs are stuck, the code in the softdog driver that should reboot the system will never be executed. In contrast, hardware watchdogs keep working even if all CPUs are stuck.

Procedure 13.2: Loading the Softdog Kernel Module #

Enable the softdog watchdog:

# echo softdog > /etc/modules-load.d/watchdog.conf
# systemctl restart systemd-modules-load

Test whether the softdog watchdog module is loaded correctly:
```
# lsmod | grep softdog
```

13.7 Setting Up SBD with Devices #

The following steps are necessary for setup:

Before you start, make sure the block device or devices you want to use for SBD meet the requirements specified in Section 13.3.

When setting up the SBD devices, you need to take several timeout values into account. For details, see Section 13.5, “Calculation of Timeouts”.

The node will terminate itself if the SBD daemon running on it has not updated the watchdog timer fast enough. After having set the timeouts, test them in your specific environment.

Procedure 13.3: Initializing the SBD Devices #

To use SBD with shared storage, you must first create the messaging layout on one to three block devices. The sbd create command will write a metadata header to the specified device or devices. It will also initialize the messaging slots for up to 255 nodes. If executed without any further options, the command will use the default timeout settings.

Warning: Overwriting Existing Data

Make sure the device or devices you want to use for SBD do not hold any important data. When you execute the sbd create command, roughly the first megabyte of the specified block devices will be overwritten without further requests or backup.

Decide which block device or block devices to use for SBD.

Initialize the SBD device with the following command:

# sbd -d /dev/disk/by-id/DEVICE_ID create

To use more than one device for SBD, specify the -d option multiple times, for example:

# sbd -d /dev/disk/by-id/DEVICE_ID1 -d /dev/disk/by-id/DEVICE_ID2 -d /dev/disk/by-id/DEVICE_ID3 create

If your SBD device resides on a multipath group, use the -1 and -4 options to adjust the timeouts to use for SBD. For details, see Section 13.5, “Calculation of Timeouts”. All timeouts are given in seconds:

# sbd -d /dev/disk/by-id/DEVICE_ID -4 1801 -1 902 create

1	The `-4` option is used to specify the `msgwait` timeout. In the example above, it is set to `180` seconds.
2	The `-1` option is used to specify the `watchdog` timeout. In the example above, it is set to `90` seconds. The minimum allowed value for the emulated watchdog is `15` seconds.

Check what has been written to the device:

# sbd -d /dev/disk/by-id/DEVICE_ID dump
Header version     : 2.1
UUID               : 619127f4-0e06-434c-84a0-ea82036e144c
Number of slots    : 255
Sector size        : 512
Timeout (watchdog) : 5
Timeout (allocate) : 2
Timeout (loop)     : 1
Timeout (msgwait)  : 10
==Header on disk /dev/disk/by-id/DEVICE_ID is dumped

As you can see, the timeouts are also stored in the header, to ensure that all participating nodes agree on them.

After you have initialized the SBD devices, edit the SBD configuration file, then enable and start the respective services for the changes to take effect.

Procedure 13.4: Editing the SBD Configuration File #

Open the file /etc/sysconfig/sbd.
Search for the following parameter: SBD_DEVICE.
It specifies the devices to monitor and to use for exchanging SBD messages.
Edit this line by replacing /dev/disk/by-id/DEVICE_ID with your SBD device:
```
SBD_DEVICE="/dev/disk/by-id/DEVICE_ID"
```
If you need to specify multiple devices in the first line, separate them with semicolons (the order of the devices does not matter):
```
SBD_DEVICE="/dev/disk/by-id/DEVICE_ID1;/dev/disk/by-id/DEVICE_ID2;/dev/disk/by-id/DEVICE_ID3"
```
If the SBD device is not accessible, the daemon fails to start and inhibits cluster start-up.
Search for the following parameter: SBD_DELAY_START.
Enables or disables a delay. Set SBD_DELAY_START to yes if msgwait is relatively long, but your cluster nodes boot very fast. Setting this parameter to yes delays the start of SBD on boot. This is sometimes necessary with virtual machines.
The default delay length is the same as the msgwait timeout value. Alternatively, you can specify an integer, in seconds, instead of yes.
If you enable SBD_DELAY_START, you must also check the SBD service file to ensure that the value of TimeoutStartSec is greater than the value of SBD_DELAY_START. For more information, see https://www.suse.com/support/kb/doc/?id=000019356.

After you have added your SBD devices to the SBD configuration file, enable the SBD daemon. The SBD daemon is a critical piece of the cluster stack. It needs to be running when the cluster stack is running. Thus, the sbd service is started as a dependency whenever the cluster services are started.

Procedure 13.5: Enabling and Starting the SBD Service #

On each node, enable the SBD service:
```
# systemctl enable sbd
```
It will be started together with the Corosync service whenever the cluster services are started.
Restart the cluster services on each node:
```
# crm cluster restart
```
This automatically triggers the start of the SBD daemon.

As a next step, test the SBD devices as described in Procedure 13.6.

Procedure 13.6: Testing the SBD Devices #

The following command will dump the node slots and their current messages from the SBD device:
```
# sbd -d /dev/disk/by-id/DEVICE_ID list
```
Now you should see all cluster nodes that have ever been started with SBD listed here. For example, if you have a two-node cluster, the message slot should show clear for both nodes:
```
0       alice        clear
1       bob          clear
```

Try sending a test message to one of the nodes:

# sbd -d /dev/disk/by-id/DEVICE_ID message alice test

The node will acknowledge the receipt of the message in the system log files:
```
May 03 16:08:31 alice sbd[66139]: /dev/disk/by-id/DEVICE_ID: notice: servant:
Received command test from bob on disk /dev/disk/by-id/DEVICE_ID
```
This confirms that SBD is indeed up and running on the node and that it is ready to receive messages.

As a final step, you need to adjust the cluster configuration as described in Procedure 13.7.

Procedure 13.7: Configuring the cluster to use SBD #

Start a shell and log in as root or equivalent.
Run crm configure.

Enter the following:

crm(live)configure# property stonith-enabled="true" 1
crm(live)configure# property stonith-watchdog-timeout=0 2
crm(live)configure# property stonith-timeout="40s" 3

1	This is the default configuration, because clusters without STONITH are not supported. But in case STONITH has been deactivated for testing purposes, make sure this parameter is set to `true` again.
2	If not explicitly set, this value defaults to `0`, which is appropriate for use of SBD with one to three devices.
3	To calculate the stonith-timeout, refer to Section 13.5, “Calculation of Timeouts”. A `stonith-timeout` value of `40` would be appropriate if the `msgwait` timeout value for SBD was set to `30` seconds.

Configure the SBD STONITH resource. You do not need to clone this resource.
For a two-node cluster, in case of split brain, there will be fencing issued from each node to the other as expected. To prevent both nodes from being reset at practically the same time, it is recommended to apply the following fencing delays to help one of the nodes, or even the preferred node, win the fencing match. For clusters with more than two nodes, you do not need to apply these delays.
Priority fencing delay
The priority-fencing-delay cluster property is disabled by default. By configuring a delay value, if the other node is lost and it has the higher total resource priority, the fencing targeting it will be delayed for the specified amount of time. This means that in case of split-brain, the more important node wins the fencing match .
Resources that matter can be configured with priority meta attribute. On calculation, the priority values of the resources or instances that are running on each node are summed up to be accounted. A promoted resource instance takes the configured base priority plus one, so that it receives a higher value than any unpromoted instance.
# crm configure property priority-fencing-delay=30
Even if priority-fencing-delay is used, we still recommend also using pcmk_delay_base or pcmk_delay_max as described below to address any situations where the nodes happen to have equal priority. The value of priority-fencing-delay should be significantly greater than the maximum of pcmk_delay_base / pcmk_delay_max, and preferably twice the maximum.
Predictable static delay
This parameter adds a static delay before executing STONITH actions. To prevent the nodes from getting reset at the same time under split-brain of a two-node cluster, configure separate fencing resources with different delay values. The preferred node can be marked with the parameter to be targeted with a longer fencing delay, so that it wins any fencing match. To make this succeed, it is essential to create two primitive STONITH devices for each node. In the following configuration, alice will win and survive in case of a split brain scenario:
crm(live)configure# primitive st-sbd-alice stonith:external/sbd params \ pcmk_host_list=alice pcmk_delay_base=20 crm(live)configure# primitive st-sbd-bob stonith:external/sbd params \ pcmk_host_list=bob pcmk_delay_base=0
Dynamic random delay
This parameter adds a random delay for STONITH actions on the fencing device. Rather than a static delay targeting a specific node, the parameter pcmk_delay_max adds a random delay for any fencing with the fencing resource to prevent double reset. Unlike pcmk_delay_base, this parameter can be specified for an unified fencing resource targeting multiple nodes.
crm(live)configure# primitive stonith_sbd stonith:external/sbd params pcmk_delay_max=30
Warning: pcmk_delay_max might not prevent double reset in a split-brain scenario
The lower the value of pcmk_delay_max, the higher the chance that a double reset might still occur.
If your aim is to have a predictable survivor, use a priority fencing delay or predictable static delay.
Review your changes with show.
Submit your changes with commit and leave the crm live configuration with quit.

After the resource has started, your cluster is successfully configured for use of SBD. It will use this method in case a node needs to be fenced.

13.8 Setting Up Diskless SBD #

SBD can be operated in a diskless mode. In this mode, a watchdog device will be used to reset the node in the following cases: if it loses quorum, if any monitored daemon is lost and not recovered, or if Pacemaker decides that the node requires fencing. Diskless SBD is based on “self-fencing” of a node, depending on the status of the cluster, the quorum and some reasonable assumptions. No STONITH SBD resource primitive is needed in the CIB.

Important: Do not block Corosync traffic in the local firewall

Diskless SBD relies on reformed membership and loss of quorum to achieve fencing. Corosync traffic must be able to pass through all network interfaces, including the loopback interface, and must not be blocked by a local firewall. Otherwise, Corosync cannot reform a new membership, which can cause a split-brain scenario that cannot be handled by diskless SBD fencing.

Important: Number of Cluster Nodes

Do not use diskless SBD as a fencing mechanism for two-node clusters. Use diskless SBD only for clusters with three or more nodes. SBD in diskless mode cannot handle split brain scenarios for two-node clusters. If you want to use diskless SBD for two-node clusters, use QDevice as described in Chapter 14, QDevice and QNetd.

Procedure 13.8: Configuring Diskless SBD #

Open the file /etc/sysconfig/sbd and use the following entries:
```
SBD_PACEMAKER=yes
SBD_STARTMODE=always
SBD_DELAY_START=no
SBD_WATCHDOG_DEV=/dev/watchdog
SBD_WATCHDOG_TIMEOUT=5
```
The SBD_DEVICE entry is not needed as no shared disk is used. When this parameter is missing, the sbd service does not start any watcher process for SBD devices.
If you need to delay the start of SBD on boot, change SBD_DELAY_START to yes. The default delay length is double the value of SBD_WATCHDOG_TIMEOUT. Alternatively, you can specify an integer, in seconds, instead of yes.
Important: SBD_WATCHDOG_TIMEOUT for diskless SBD and QDevice
If you use QDevice with diskless SBD, the SBD_WATCHDOG_TIMEOUT value must be greater than QDevice's sync_timeout value, or SBD will time out and fail to start.
The default value for sync_timeout is 30 seconds. Therefore, set SBD_WATCHDOG_TIMEOUT to a greater value, such as 35.
On each node, enable the SBD service:
```
# systemctl enable sbd
```
It will be started together with the Corosync service whenever the cluster services are started.
Restart the cluster services on each node:
```
# crm cluster restart
```
This automatically triggers the start of the SBD daemon.
Check if the parameter have-watchdog=true has been automatically set:
```
# crm configure show | grep have-watchdog
         have-watchdog=true
```

Run crm configure and set the following cluster properties on the crm shell:

crm(live)configure# property stonith-enabled="true" 1
crm(live)configure# property stonith-watchdog-timeout=102
crm(live)configure# property stonith-timeout=153

This is the default configuration, because clusters without STONITH are not supported. But in case STONITH has been deactivated for testing purposes, make sure this parameter is set to true again.

For diskless SBD, this parameter must not equal zero. It defines after how long it is assumed that the fencing target has already self-fenced. Use the following formula to calculate this timeout:

stonith-watchdog-timeout >= (SBD_WATCHDOG_TIMEOUT * 2)

If you set stonith-watchdog-timeout to a negative value, Pacemaker automatically calculates this timeout and sets it to twice the value of SBD_WATCHDOG_TIMEOUT.

This parameter must allow sufficient time for fencing to complete. For diskless SBD, use the following formula to calculate this timeout:

stonith-timeout >= stonith-watchdog-timeout + 20%

Important: Diskless SBD timeouts

With diskless SBD, if the stonith-timeout value is smaller than the stonith-watchdog-timeout value, failed nodes can become stuck in an UNCLEAN state and block failover of active resources.

Review your changes with show.
Submit your changes with commit and leave the crm live configuration with quit.

13.9 Testing SBD and Fencing #

To test whether SBD works as expected for node fencing purposes, use one or all of the following methods:

Manually Triggering Fencing of a Node

To trigger a fencing action for node NODENAME:

# crm node fence NODENAME

Check if the node is fenced and if the other nodes consider the node as fenced after the stonith-watchdog-timeout.

Simulating an SBD Failure

Identify the process ID of the SBD inquisitor:

# systemctl status sbd
● sbd.service - Shared-storage based fencing daemon

   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/sbd.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
   Active: active (running) since Tue 2018-04-17 15:24:51 CEST; 6 days ago
     Docs: man:sbd(8)
  Process: 1844 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/sbd $SBD_OPTS -p /var/run/sbd.pid watch (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
 Main PID: 1859 (sbd)
    Tasks: 4 (limit: 4915)
   CGroup: /system.slice/sbd.service
           ├─1859 sbd: inquisitor
[...]

Simulate an SBD failure by terminating the SBD inquisitor process. In our example, the process ID of the SBD inquisitor is 1859):
```
# kill -9 1859
```
The node proactively self-fences. The other nodes notice the loss of the node and consider it has self-fenced after the stonith-watchdog-timeout.

Triggering Fencing through a Monitor Operation Failure

With a normal configuration, a failure of a resource stop operation will trigger fencing. To trigger fencing manually, you can produce a failure of a resource stop operation. Alternatively, you can temporarily change the configuration of a resource monitor operation and produce a monitor failure as described below:

Configure an on-fail=fence property for a resource monitor operation:
```
op monitor interval=10 on-fail=fence
```
Let the monitoring operation fail (for example, by terminating the respective daemon, if the resource relates to a service).
This failure triggers a fencing action.

13.10 Additional Mechanisms for Storage Protection #

Apart from node fencing via STONITH there are other methods to achieve storage protection at a resource level. For example, SCSI-3 and SCSI-4 use persistent reservations whereas sfex provides a locking mechanism. Both methods are explained in the following subsections.

13.10.1 Configuring an sg_persist Resource #

The SCSI specifications 3 and 4 define persistent reservations. These are SCSI protocol features and can be used for I/O fencing and failover. This feature is implemented in the sg_persist Linux command.

Note: SCSI Disk Compatibility

Any backing disks for sg_persist must be SCSI disk compatible. sg_persist only works for devices like SCSI disks or iSCSI LUNs. Do not use it for IDE, SATA, or any block devices which do not support the SCSI protocol.

Before you proceed, check if your disk supports persistent reservations. Use the following command (replace DEVICE_ID with your device name):

# sg_persist -n --in --read-reservation -d /dev/disk/by-id/DEVICE_ID

The result shows whether your disk supports persistent reservations:

Supported disk:

PR generation=0x0, there is NO reservation held

Unsupported disk:

PR in (Read reservation): command not supported
Illegal request, Invalid opcode

If you get an error message (like the one above), replace the old disk with an SCSI compatible disk. Otherwise proceed as follows:

Create the primitive resource sg_persist, using a stable device name for the disk:

# crm configure
crm(live)configure# primitive sg sg_persist \
    params devs="/dev/disk/by-id/DEVICE_ID" reservation_type=3 \
    op monitor interval=60 timeout=60

Add the sg_persist primitive to a master-slave group:

crm(live)configure# ms ms-sg sg \
    meta master-max=1 notify=true

Test the setup. When the resource is promoted, you can mount and write to the disk partitions on the cluster node where the primary instance is running, but you cannot write on the cluster node where the secondary instance is running.

Add a file system primitive for Ext4, using a stable device name for the disk partition:

crm(live)configure# primitive ext4 Filesystem \
    params device="/dev/disk/by-id/DEVICE_ID" directory="/mnt/ext4" fstype=ext4

Add the following order relationship plus a collocation between the sg_persist master and the file system resource:

crm(live)configure# order o-ms-sg-before-ext4 Mandatory: ms-sg:promote ext4:start
crm(live)configure# colocation col-ext4-with-sg-persist inf: ext4 ms-sg:Promoted

Check all your changes with the show changed command.
Commit your changes.

For more information, refer to the sg_persist man page.

13.10.2 Ensuring Exclusive Storage Activation with `sfex` #

This section introduces sfex, an additional low-level mechanism to lock access to shared storage exclusively to one node. Note that sfex does not replace STONITH. As sfex requires shared storage, it is recommended that the SBD node fencing mechanism described above is used on another partition of the storage.

By design, sfex cannot be used with workloads that require concurrency (such as OCFS2). It serves as a layer of protection for classic failover style workloads. This is similar to an SCSI-2 reservation in effect, but more general.

13.10.2.1 Overview #

In a shared storage environment, a small partition of the storage is set aside for storing one or more locks.

Before acquiring protected resources, the node must first acquire the protecting lock. The ordering is enforced by Pacemaker. The sfex component ensures that even if Pacemaker were subject to a split brain situation, the lock will never be granted more than once.

These locks must also be refreshed periodically, so that a node's death does not permanently block the lock and other nodes can proceed.

13.10.2.2 Setup #

In the following, learn how to create a shared partition for use with sfex and how to configure a resource for the sfex lock in the CIB. A single sfex partition can hold any number of locks, and needs 1 KB of storage space allocated per lock. By default, sfex_init creates one lock on the partition.

Important: Requirements

The shared partition for sfex should be on the same logical unit as the data you want to protect.
The shared sfex partition must not use host-based RAID or DRBD.
Using an LVM logical volume is possible.

Procedure 13.9: Creating an sfex Partition #

Create a shared partition for use with sfex. Note the name of this partition and use it as a substitute for /dev/sfex below.
Create the sfex metadata with the following command:
```
# sfex_init -n 1 /dev/sfex
```
Verify that the metadata has been created correctly:
```
# sfex_stat -i 1 /dev/sfex ; echo $?
```
This should return 2, since the lock is not currently held.

Procedure 13.10: Configuring a Resource for the sfex Lock #

The sfex lock is represented via a resource in the CIB, configured as follows:

crm(live)configure# primitive sfex_1 ocf:heartbeat:sfex \
#	params device="/dev/sfex" index="1" collision_timeout="1" \
      lock_timeout="70" monitor_interval="10" \
#	op monitor interval="10s" timeout="30s" on-fail="fence"

To protect resources via an sfex lock, create mandatory order and placement constraints between the resources to protect the sfex resource. If the resource to be protected has the ID filesystem1:
```
crm(live)configure# order order-sfex-1 Mandatory: sfex_1 filesystem1
crm(live)configure# colocation col-sfex-1 inf: filesystem1 sfex_1
```
If using group syntax, add the sfex resource as the first resource to the group:
```
crm(live)configure# group LAMP sfex_1 filesystem1 apache ipaddr
```

13.11 For More Information #

For more details, see man sbd.