13 Hints and tips #

To identify possibly orphaned journal/WAL/DB volumes, follow these steps:

By default, Ceph performs light scrubbing daily (find more details in Abschnitt 17.6, „Scrubbing von Platzierungsgruppen“) and deep scrubbing weekly. Light scrubbing checks object sizes and checksums to ensure that placement groups are storing the same object data. Deep scrubbing checks an object’s content with that of its replicas to ensure that the actual contents are the same. The price for checking data integrity is increased I/O load on the cluster during the scrubbing procedure.

The default settings allow Ceph OSDs to initiate scrubbing at inappropriate times, such as during periods of heavy loads. Customers may experience latency and poor performance when scrubbing operations conflict with their operations. Ceph provides several scrubbing settings that can limit scrubbing to periods with lower loads or during off-peak hours.

If the cluster experiences high loads during the day and low loads late at night, consider restricting scrubbing to night time hours, such as 11pm till 6am:

cephuser@adm > ceph config set osd osd_scrub_begin_hour 23
cephuser@adm > ceph config set osd osd_scrub_end_hour 6

If time restriction is not an effective method of determining a scrubbing schedule, consider using the osd_scrub_load_threshold option. The default value is 0.5, but it could be modified for low load conditions:

cephuser@adm > ceph config set osd osd_scrub_load_threshold 0.25

You may need to stop OSDs for maintenance periodically. If you do not want CRUSH to automatically rebalance the cluster in order to avoid huge data transfers, set the cluster to noout first:

root@minion > ceph osd set noout

When the cluster is set to noout, you can begin stopping the OSDs within the failure domain that requires maintenance work. To identify the unique FSID of the cluster, run ceph fsid. To identify the Object Gateway daemon name, run

cephuser@adm > ceph orch ps ---hostname HOSTNAME

# systemctl stop ceph-FSID@DAEMON_NAME

Find more information about operating Ceph services and identifying their names in Kapitel 14, Betrieb von Ceph-Services.

After you complete the maintenance, start OSDs again:

# systemctl start ceph-FSID@osd.SERVICE_ID.service

After OSD services are started, unset the cluster from noout:

cephuser@adm > ceph osd unset noout

When data is written to OSDs evenly, the cluster is considered balanced. Each OSD within a cluster is assigned its weight. The weight is a relative number and tells Ceph how much of the data should be written to the related OSD. The higher the weight, the more data will be written. If an OSD has zero weight, no data will be written to it. If the weight of an OSD is relatively high compared to other OSDs, a large portion of the data will be written there, which makes the cluster unbalanced.

Unbalanced clusters have poor performance, and in the case that an OSD with a high weight suddenly crashes, a lot of data needs to be moved to other OSDs, which slows down the cluster as well.

To avoid this, you should regularly check OSDs for the amount of data writing. If the amount is between 30% and 50% of the capacity of a group of OSDs specified by a given ruleset, you need to reweight the OSDs. Check for individual disks and find out which of them fill up faster than the others (or are generally slower), and lower their weight. The same is valid for OSDs where not enough data is written—you can increase their weight to have Ceph write more data to them. In the following example, you will find out the weight of an OSD with ID 13, and reweight it from 3 to 3.05:

cephuser@adm > ceph osd tree | grep osd.13
 13  hdd 3                osd.13  up  1.00000  1.00000

 cephuser@adm > ceph osd crush reweight osd.13 3.05
 reweighted item id 13 name 'osd.13' to 3.05 in crush map

cephuser@adm > ceph osd tree | grep osd.13
 13  hdd 3.05                osd.13  up  1.00000  1.00000

Tip: OSD reweight by utilization

The ceph osd reweight-by-utilization threshold command automates the process of reducing the weight of OSDs which are heavily overused. By default it will adjust the weights downward on OSDs which reached 120% of the average usage, but if you include threshold it will use that percentage instead.

For OSD daemons, the read/write operations are critical to keep the Ceph cluster balanced. They often need to have many files open for reading and writing at the same time. On the OS level, the maximum number of simultaneously open files is called 'maximum number of file descriptors'.

To prevent OSDs from running out of file descriptors, you can override the default and specify an appropriate value, for example:

cephuser@adm > ceph config set global max_open_files 131072

After you change max_open_files, you need to restart the OSD service on the relevant Ceph node.

We recommend protecting the network cluster communication with SUSE Firewall. You can edit its configuration by selecting YaST › Security and Users › Firewall › Allowed Services.

Following is a list of Ceph-related services and numbers of the ports that they normally use:

Both intermittent and complete network failures will impact a Ceph cluster. These two utilities can help in tracking down the cause and verifying expectations.

Tip: Sync Runners

Use the salt-run saltutil.sync_runners command if the Salt runner is reported as not available.

root@master # salt-run network.ping
Succeeded: 8 addresses from 7 minions average rtt 0.15 ms

root@master # salt-run network.ping6
Succeeded: 8 addresses from 7 minions average rtt 0.15 ms

root@master # salt-run network.jumbo_ping
Succeeded: 8 addresses from 7 minions average rtt 0.26 ms

root@master # salt-run network.iperf
Fastest 2 hosts:
    |_
      - 192.168.31.25
      - 11443 Mbits/sec
    |_
      - 172.16.31.25
      - 10363 Mbits/sec

Slowest 2 hosts:
    |_
      - 172.16.32.14
      - 10217 Mbits/sec
    |_
      - 192.168.121.164
      - 10113 Mbits/sec

root@master # salt-run network.iperf output=full
192.168.128.1:
    8644.0 Mbits/sec
192.168.128.2:
    10360.0 Mbits/sec
192.168.128.3:
    9336.0 Mbits/sec
192.168.128.4:
    9588.56 Mbits/sec
192.168.128.5:
    10187.0 Mbits/sec
192.168.128.6:
    10465.0 Mbits/sec

root@master # salt-run network.ping remove="192.168.121.0/24,192.168.1.0/24"
Succeeded: 20 addresses from 10 minions average rtt 14.16 ms

Ceph tracks which daemons manage which hardware storage devices (HDDs, SSDs), and collects health metrics about those devices in order to provide tools to predict and automatically respond to hardware failure.

You can blink the drive LEDs on hardware enclosures to make the replacement of failed disks easy and less error-prone. Use the following command:

cephuser@adm > ceph device light --enable=on --devid=string --light_type=ident --force

The DEVID parameter is the device identification. You can obtain it by running the following command:

cephuser@adm > ceph device ls

rados is a command line utility to manage RADOS object storage. For more information, see man 8 rados.

If you send a large object to a Ceph cluster with the rados utility, such as

cephuser@adm > rados -p mypool put myobject /file/to/send

it can fill up all the related OSD space and cause serious trouble to the cluster performance.

If you receive a Too Many PGs per OSD message after running ceph status, it means that the mon_pg_warn_max_per_osd value (300 by default) was exceeded. This value is compared to the number of PGs per OSD ratio. This means that the cluster setup is not optimal.

The number of PGs cannot be reduced after the pool is created. Pools that do not yet contain any data can safely be deleted and then re-created with a lower number of PGs. Where pools already contain data, the only solution is to add OSDs to the cluster so that the ratio of PGs per OSD becomes lower.

If you receive a stuck inactive status message after running ceph status, it means that Ceph does not know where to replicate the stored data to fulfill the replication rules. It can happen shortly after the initial Ceph setup and fix itself automatically. In other cases, this may require a manual interaction, such as bringing up a broken OSD, or adding a new OSD to the cluster. In very rare cases, reducing the replication level may help.

If the placement groups are stuck perpetually, you need to check the output of ceph osd tree. The output should look tree-structured, similar to the example in Section 4.6, “OSD is down”.

If the output of ceph osd tree is rather flat as in the following example

cephuser@adm > ceph osd tree
ID  CLASS  WEIGHT   TYPE NAME              STATUS  REWEIGHT  PRI-AFF
-1         0.02939  root default
-3         0.00980      host doc-ses-node2
 0    hdd  0.00980          osd.0              up   1.00000  1.00000
-5         0.00980      host doc-ses-node3
 1    hdd  0.00980          osd.1              up   1.00000  1.00000
-7         0.00980      host doc-ses-node4
 2    hdd  0.00980          osd.2              up   1.00000  1.00000

You should check that the related CRUSH map has a tree structure. If it is also flat, or with no hosts as in the above example, it may mean that host name resolution is not working correctly across the cluster.

If the hierarchy is incorrect—for example the root contains hosts, but the OSDs are at the top level and are not themselves assigned to hosts—you will need to move the OSDs to the correct place in the hierarchy. This can be done using the ceph osd crush move and/or ceph osd crush set commands. For further details see Abschnitt 17.5, „Umgang mit der CRUSH-Zuordnung“.

As a general rule, time synchronization must be configured and running on all nodes. Once time synchronization is set up, the clocks should not get skewed. However, if a clock skew is to occur, this is likely due to the chronyd.service not running on one or more hosts.

Note

It is also possible that the battery on the motherboard has died, and the clock skew will be more pronounced. If this is the case, be aware that it will take quite some time for chronyd to re-synchronize the clocks.

If you receive a clock skew warning, confirm that the chronyd.service daemon is running on all cluster nodes. If not, restart the service and wait for chronyd to re-sync the clock.

Find more information on setting up time synchronization in https://documentation.suse.com/sles/15-SP3/html/SLES-all/cha-ntp.html#sec-ntp-yast.

There may be other reasons why cluster performance becomes weak, such as network problems. In such case, you may notice the cluster reaching quorum, OSD and monitor nodes going offline, data transfers taking a long time, or a lot of reconnect attempts.

To check whether cluster performance is degraded by network problems, inspect the Ceph log files under the /var/log/ceph directory.

To fix network issues on the cluster, focus on the following points:

Tip: Separate network

To ensure fast and safe network communication between cluster nodes, set up a separate network used exclusively by the cluster OSD and monitor nodes.

By default, the Salt Master saves every minion's result for every job in its job cache. The cache can then be used later to look up results from previous jobs. The cache directory defaults to /var/cache/salt/master/jobs/.

Each job return from every minion is saved in a single file. Over time this directory can grow very large, depending on the number of published jobs and the value of the keep_jobs option in the /etc/salt/master file. keep_jobs sets the number of hours (24 by default) to keep information about past minion jobs.

keep_jobs: 24

Important: Do not set keep_jobs: 0

Setting keep_jobs to '0' will cause the job cache cleaner to never run, possibly resulting in a full partition.

If you want to disable the job cache, set job_cache to 'False':

job_cache: False

Tip: Restoring partition full because of job cache

When the partition with job cache files gets full because of wrong keep_jobs setting, follow these steps to free disk space and improve the job cache settings:

1. Stop the Salt Master service:

   root@master # systemctl stop salt-master

2. Change the Salt Master configuration related to job cache by editing /etc/salt/master:

   job_cache: False
   keep_jobs: 1

3. Clear the Salt Master job cache:

   # rm -rfv /var/cache/salt/master/jobs/*

4. Start the Salt Master service:

   root@master # systemctl start salt-master