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documentation.suse.com / SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 文档 / Virtualization Guide / Managing Virtual Machines with libvirt / Managing Networks
Applies to SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 12 SP5

13 Managing Networks

 

This chapter describes common network configurations for a VM Host Server, including those supported natively by the VM Host Server and libvirt. The configurations are valid for all hypervisors supported by SUSE Linux Enterprise Server, such as KVM or Xen.

There are two common network configurations to provide a VM Guest with a network connection:

  • A network bridge acting as a Layer 2 switch

  • A virtual network managed by libvirt with Layer 3 forwarding enabled

13.1 Network Bridge

 

The network bridge configuration provides a Layer 2 switch for VM Guests, switching Layer 2 Ethernet packets between ports on the bridge based on MAC addresses associated with the ports. This gives the VM Guest Layer 2 access to the VM Host Server's network. This configuration is analogous to connecting the VM Guest's virtual Ethernet cable into a hub that is shared with the host and other VM Guests running on the host. The configuration is often referred to as shared physical device.

The network bridge configuration is the default configuration of SUSE Linux Enterprise Server when configured as a KVM or Xen hypervisor. It is the preferred configuration when you simply want to connect VM Guests to the VM Host Server's LAN.

13.1.1 Managing Network Bridges with YaST

 

This section includes procedures to add or remove network bridges with YaST.

13.1.1.1 Adding a Network Bridge

 

To add a network bridge on VM Host Server, follow these steps:

  1. Start YaST › System › Network Settings.

  2. Activate the Overview tab and click Add.

  3. Select Bridge from the Device Type list and enter the bridge device interface name in the Configuration Name entry. Press the Next button to proceed.

  4. In the Address tab, specify networking details such as DHCP/static IP address, subnet mask or host name.

    Using Dynamic Address is only useful when also assigning a device to a bridge that is connected to a DHCP server.

    If you intend to create a virtual bridge that has no connection to a real Ethernet device, use Statically assigned IP Address. In this case, it is a good idea to use addresses from the private IP address ranges, for example, 192.168.0.0/16, 172.16.0.0/12, or 10.0.0.0/8.

    To create a bridge that should only serve as a connection between the different guests without connection to the host system, set the IP address to 0.0.0.0 and the subnet mask to 255.255.255.255. The network scripts handle this special address as an unset IP address.

  5. Activate the Bridged Devices tab and activate the network devices you want to include in the network bridge.

  6. Click Next to return to the Overview tab and confirm with OK. The new network bridge should now be active on VM Host Server.

13.1.1.2 Deleting a Network Bridge

 

To delete an existing network bridge, follow these steps:

  1. Start YaST › System › Network Settings.

  2. Select the bridge device you want to delete from the list in the Overview tab.

  3. Delete the bridge with Delete and confirm with OK.

13.1.2 Managing Network Bridges from the Command Line

 

This section includes procedures to add or remove network bridges using the command line.

13.1.2.1 Adding a Network Bridge

 

To add a new network bridge device on VM Host Server, follow these steps:

  1. Log in as root on the VM Host Server where you want to create a new network bridge.

  2. Choose a name for the new bridge—virbr_test in our example—and run 

    tux > sudo ip link add name VIRBR_TEST type bridge

  3. Check if the bridge was created on VM Host Server: 

    tux > sudo bridge vlan
[...]
virbr_test  1 PVID Egress Untagged

    virbr_test is present, but is not associated with any physical network interface.

  4. Bring the network bridge up and add a network interface to the bridge: 

    tux > sudo ip link set virbr_test up
tux > sudo ip link set eth1 master virbr_test
    Important
    Important: Network Interface Must Be Unused

    You can only assign a network interface that is not yet used by other network bridge.

  5. Optionally, enable STP (see Spanning Tree Protocol): 

    tux > sudo bridge link set dev virbr_test cost 4

13.1.2.2 Deleting a Network Bridge

 

To delete an existing network bridge device on VM Host Server from the command line, follow these steps:

  1. Log in as root on the VM Host Server where you want to delete an existing network bridge.

  2. List existing network bridges to identify the name of the bridge to remove: 

    tux > sudo bridge vlan
[...]
virbr_test  1 PVID Egress Untagged

  3. Delete the bridge: 

    tux > sudo ip link delete dev virbr_test

13.1.3 Using VLAN Interfaces

 

Sometimes, it is necessary to create a private connection either between two VM Host Servers or between VM Guest systems. For example, to migrate VM Guest to hosts in a different network segment, or to create a private bridge that only VM Guest systems may connect to (even when running on different VM Host Server systems). An easy way to build such connections is to set up VLAN networks.

VLAN interfaces are commonly set up on the VM Host Server. They either interconnect the different VM Host Server systems, or they may be set up as a physical interface to an otherwise virtual-only bridge. It is even possible to create a bridge with a VLAN as a physical interface that has no IP address in the VM Host Server. That way, the guest systems have no possibility to access the host over this network.

Run the YaST module System › Network Settings. Follow this procedure to set up the VLAN device:

Procedure 13.1: Setting up VLAN Interfaces with YaST
 

  1. Click Add to create a new network interface.

  2. In the Hardware Dialog, select Device Type VLAN.

  3. Change the value of Configuration Name to the ID of your VLAN. Note that VLAN ID 1 is commonly used for management purposes.

  4. Click Next.

  5. Select the interface that the VLAN device should connect to below Real Interface for VLAN. If the desired interface does not appear in the list, first set up this interface without an IP address.

  6. Select the desired method for assigning an IP address to the VLAN device.

  7. Click Next to finish the configuration.

It is also possible to use the VLAN interface as a physical interface of a bridge. This makes it possible to connect several VM Host Server-only networks and allows live migration of VM Guest systems that are connected to such a network.

YaST does not always allow setting no IP address. However, this may be a desired feature, especially if VM Host Server-only networks should be connected. In this case, use the special address 0.0.0.0 with netmask 255.255.255.255. The system scripts handle this address as no IP address set.

13.2 Virtual Networks

 

libvirt-managed virtual networks are similar to bridged networks, but typically have no Layer 2 connection to the VM Host Server. Connectivity to the VM Host Server's physical network is accomplished with Layer 3 forwarding, which introduces additional packet processing on the VM Host Server as compared to a Layer 2 bridged network. Virtual networks also provide DHCP and DNS services for VM Guests. For more information on libvirts virtual networks see the Network XML format documentation at https://libvirt.org/formatnetwork.html.

A standard libvirt installation on SUSE Linux Enterprise Server already comes with a predefined virtual network named default that provides DHCP and DNS services for the network, along with connectivity to the VM Host Server's physical network using the network address translation (NAT) forwarding mode. Although it is predefined, the default virtual network must be explicitly enabled by the administrator. For more information on the forwarding modes supported by libvirt see the Connectivity section of the Network XML format documentation at https://libvirt.org/formatnetwork.html#elementsConnect.

libvirt-managed virtual networks can be used to satisfy a wide range of use-cases, but are commonly used on VM Host Servers that have a wireless connection or dynamic/sporadic network connectivity such as laptops. Virtual networks are also useful when the VM Host Server's network has limited IP addresses, allowing forwarding of packets between the virtual network and the VM Host Server's network. However, most server use-cases are better suited for the network bridge configuration, where VM Guests are connected to the VM Host Server's LAN.

Warning
Warning: Enabling Forwarding Mode

Enabling forwarding mode in a libvirt virtual network enables forwarding in the VM Host Server by setting /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward and /proc/sys/net/ipv6/conf/all/forwarding to 1, which essentially turns the VM Host Server into a router. Restarting the VM Host Server's network may reset the values and disable forwarding. To avoid this behavior, explicitly enable forwarding in the VM Host Server by editing the /etc/sysctl.conf file and adding: 

net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1
net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding = 1

13.2.1 Managing Virtual Networks with Virtual Machine Manager

 

You can define, configure, and operate virtual networks with Virtual Machine Manager.

13.2.1.1 Defining Virtual Networks

 

  1. Start Virtual Machine Manager. In the list of available connections, right-click the name of the connection for which you need to configure the virtual network, and then select Details.

  2. In the Connection Details window, click the Virtual Networks tab. You can see the list of all virtual networks available for the current connection. On the right, there are details of the selected virtual network.

    Connection Details
    Figure 13.1: Connection Details
     

  3. To add a new virtual network, click Add.

  4. Specify a name for the new virtual network and click Forward.

    Create virtual network
    Figure 13.2: Create virtual network
     

  5. To specify an IPv4 network address space definition, activate the relevant option and type it into the Network text entry.

    Create virtual network
    Figure 13.3: Create virtual network
     

  6. libvirt can provide your virtual network with a DHCP server. If you need it, activate Enable DHCPv4, then type the start and end IP address range of assignable addresses.

  7. To enable static routing for the new virtual network, activate the relevant option and type the network and gateway addresses.

  8. Click Forward to proceed.

  9. To specify IPv6-related options—network address space, DHCPv6 server, or static route—activate Enable IPv6 network address space definition and activate the relevant options and fill in the relevant boxes.

  10. Click Forward to proceed.

  11. Select whether you want an isolated or forwarded virtual network.

    Create virtual network
    Figure 13.4: Create virtual network
     

    For forwarded networks, specify the network interface to which the requests will be forwarded, and one of the forwarding modes: While NAT (network address translation) remaps the virtual network address space and allows sharing a single IP address, Routed forwards packets from the virtual network to the VM Host Server's physical network with no translation.

  12. If you did not specify an IPv6 network address space definition earlier, you can enable IPv6 internal routing between virtual machines.

  13. (Optional) Optionally, change the DNS domain name.

  14. Click Finish to create the new virtual network. On the VM Host Server, a new virtual network bridge virbrX is available, which corresponds to the newly-created virtual network. You can check with bridge link. libvirt automatically adds iptables rules to allow traffic to/from guests attached to the new virbrX device.

13.2.1.2 Starting Virtual Networks

 

To start a virtual network that is temporarily stopped, follow these steps:

  1. Start Virtual Machine Manager. In the list of available connections, right-click the name of the connection for which you need to configure the virtual network, and then select Details.

  2. In the Connection Details window, click the Virtual Networks tab. You can see the list of all virtual networks available for the current connection.

  3. To start the virtual network, click Start.

13.2.1.3 Stopping Virtual Networks

 

To stop an active virtual network, follow these steps:

  1. Start Virtual Machine Manager. In the list of available connections, right-click the name of the connection for which you need to configure the virtual network, and then select Details.

  2. In the Connection Details window, click the Virtual Networks tab. You can see the list of all virtual networks available for the current connection.

  3. Select the virtual network to be stopped, then click Stop.

13.2.1.4 Deleting Virtual Networks

 

To delete a virtual network from VM Host Server, follow these steps:

  1. Start Virtual Machine Manager. In the list of available connections, right-click the name of the connection for which you need to configure the virtual network, and then select Details.

  2. In the Connection Details window, click the Virtual Networks tab. You can see the list of all virtual networks available for the current connection.

  3. Select the virtual network to be deleted, then click Delete.

13.2.1.5 Obtaining IP Addresses with nsswitch for NAT Networks (in KVM)

 

  • On VM Host Server, install libvirt-nss, which provides NSS support for libvirt: 

    tux > sudo zypper in libvirt-nss

  • Add libvirt to /etc/nsswitch.conf: 

    ...
hosts:  files libvirt mdns_minimal [NOTFOUND=return] dns
...

  • If NSCD is running, restart it: 

    tux > sudo systemctl restart nscd

Now you can reach the guest system by name from the host.

The NSS module has limited functionality. It reads /var/lib/libvirt/dnsmasq/*.status files to find the host name and corresponding IP addresses in a JSON record describing each lease provided by dnsmasq. Host name translation can only be done on those VM Host Servers using a libvirt-managed bridged network backed by dnsmasq.

For more information, see http://wiki.libvirt.org/page/NSS_module.

13.2.2 Managing Virtual Networks with virsh

 

You can manage libvirt-provided virtual networks with the virsh command line tool. To view all network related virsh commands, run 

tux > sudo virsh help network
Networking (help keyword 'network'):
 net-autostart                  autostart a network
        net-create                     create a network from an XML file
        net-define                     define (but don't start) a network from an XML file
        net-destroy                    destroy (stop) a network
        net-dumpxml                    network information in XML
        net-edit                       edit XML configuration for a network
        net-event                      Network Events
        net-info                       network information
        net-list                       list networks
        net-name                       convert a network UUID to network name
        net-start                      start a (previously defined) inactive network
        net-undefine                   undefine an inactive network
        net-update                     update parts of an existing network's configuration
 net-uuid                       convert a network name to network UUID

To view brief help information for a specific virsh command, run virsh help VIRSH_COMMAND: 

tux > sudo virsh help net-create
  NAME
    net-create - create a network from an XML file

  SYNOPSIS
    net-create <file>

  DESCRIPTION
    Create a network.

  OPTIONS
    [--file] <string>  file containing an XML network description

13.2.2.1 Creating a Network

 

To create a new running virtual network, run 

tux > sudo virsh net-create VNET_DEFINITION.xml

The VNET_DEFINITION.xml XML file includes the definition of the virtual network that libvirt accepts.

To define a new virtual network without activating it, run 

tux > sudo virsh net-define VNET_DEFINITION.xml

The following examples illustrate definitions of different types of virtual networks.

Example 13.1: NAT Based Network
 

The following configuration allows VM Guests outgoing connectivity if it is available on VM Host Server. In the absence of VM Host Server networking, it allows guests to talk directly to each other. 

<network>
<name>vnet_nated</name>1
<bridge name="virbr1"/>2
 <forward mode="nat"/>3
 <ip address="192.168.122.1" netmask="255.255.255.0">4
  <dhcp>
   <range start="192.168.122.2" end="192.168.122.254"/>5
   <host mac="52:54:00:c7:92:da" name="host1.testing.com" \
    ip="192.168.1.23.101"/>6
   <host mac="52:54:00:c7:92:db" name="host2.testing.com" \
    ip="192.168.1.23.102"/>
   <host mac="52:54:00:c7:92:dc" name="host3.testing.com" \
    ip="192.168.1.23.103"/>
  </dhcp>
 </ip>
</network>

1

The name of the new virtual network.

2

The name of the bridge device used to construct the virtual network. When defining a new network with a <forward> mode of "nat" or "route" (or an isolated network with no <forward> element), libvirt will automatically generate a unique name for the bridge device if none is given.

3

Inclusion of the <forward> element indicates that the virtual network will be connected to the physical LAN. The mode attribute specifies the forwarding method. The most common modes are "nat" (default, network address translation), "route" (direct forwarding to the physical network, no address translation), and "bridge" (network bridge configured outside of libvirt). If the <forward> element is not specified, the virtual network will be isolated from other networks. For a complete list of forwarding modes, see http://libvirt.org/formatnetwork.html#elementsConnect.

4

The IP address and netmask for the network bridge.

5

Enable DHCP server for the virtual network, offering IP addresses ranging from the specified start and end attribute.

6

The optional <host> elements specify hosts that will be given names and predefined IP addresses by the built-in DHCP server. Any IPv4 host element must specify the following: the MAC address of the host to be assigned a given name, the IP to be assigned to that host, and the name to be given to that host by the DHCP server. An IPv6 host element differs slightly from that for IPv4: there is no mac attribute since a MAC address has no defined meaning in IPv6. Instead, the name attribute is used to identify the host to be assigned the IPv6 address. For DHCPv6, the name is the plain name of the client host sent by the client to the server. Note that this method of assigning a specific IP address can also be used instead of the mac attribute for IPv4.

Example 13.2: Routed Network
 

The following configuration routes traffic from the virtual network to the LAN without applying any NAT. The IP address range must be preconfigured in the routing tables of the router on the VM Host Server network. 

<network>
 <name>vnet_routed</name>
 <bridge name="virbr1"/>
 <forward mode="route" dev="eth1"/>1
 <ip address="192.168.122.1" netmask="255.255.255.0">
  <dhcp>
   <range start="192.168.122.2" end="192.168.122.254"/>
  </dhcp>
 </ip>
</network>

1

The guest traffic may only go out via the eth1 network device on the VM Host Server.

Example 13.3: Isolated Network
 

This configuration provides a completely isolated private network. The guests can talk to each other, and to VM Host Server, but cannot reach any other machines on the LAN, as the <forward> element is missing in the XML description. 

<network>
 <name>vnet_isolated</name>
 <bridge name="virbr3"/>
 <ip address="192.168.152.1" netmask="255.255.255.0">
  <dhcp>
   <range start="192.168.152.2" end="192.168.152.254"/>
  </dhcp>
 </ip>
 </network>
Example 13.4: Using an Existing Bridge on VM Host Server
 

This configuration shows how to use an existing VM Host Server's network bridge br0. VM Guests are directly connected to the physical network. Their IP addresses will all be on the subnet of the physical network, and there will be no restrictions on incoming or outgoing connections. 

<network>
        <name>host-bridge</name>
        <forward mode="bridge"/>
        <bridge name="br0"/>
</network>

13.2.2.2 Listing Networks

 

To list all virtual networks available to libvirt, run: 

tux > sudo virsh net-list --all

 Name                 State      Autostart     Persistent
----------------------------------------------------------
 crowbar              active     yes           yes
 vnet_nated           active     yes           yes
 vnet_routed          active     yes           yes
 vnet_isolated        inactive   yes           yes

To list available domains, run: 

tux > sudo virsh list
 Id    Name                           State
----------------------------------------------------
 1     nated_sles12sp5                running
 ...

To get a list of interfaces of a running domain, run domifaddr DOMAIN, or optionally specify the interface to limit the output to this interface. By default, it additionally outputs their IP and MAC addresses: 

tux > sudo virsh domifaddr nated_sles12sp5 --interface vnet0 --source lease
 Name       MAC address          Protocol     Address
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 vnet0      52:54:00:9e:0d:2b    ipv6         fd00:dead:beef:55::140/64
 -          -                    ipv4         192.168.100.168/24

To print brief information of all virtual interfaces associated with the specified domain, run: 

tux > sudo virsh domiflist nated_sles12sp5
Interface  Type       Source       Model       MAC
---------------------------------------------------------
vnet0      network    vnet_nated   virtio      52:54:00:9e:0d:2b

13.2.2.3 Getting Details about a Network

 

To get detailed information about a network, run: 

tux > sudo virsh net-info vnet_routed
Name:           vnet_routed
UUID:           756b48ff-d0c6-4c0a-804c-86c4c832a498
Active:         yes
Persistent:     yes
Autostart:      yes
Bridge:         virbr5

13.2.2.4 Starting a Network

 

To start an inactive network that was already defined, find its name (or unique identifier, UUID) with: 

tux > sudo virsh net-list --inactive
 Name                 State      Autostart     Persistent
----------------------------------------------------------
 vnet_isolated        inactive   yes           yes

Then run: 

tux > sudo virsh net-start vnet_isolated
Network vnet_isolated started

13.2.2.5 Stopping a Network

 

To stop an active network, find its name (or unique identifier, UUID) with: 

tux > sudo virsh net-list --inactive
 Name                 State      Autostart     Persistent
----------------------------------------------------------
 vnet_isolated        active     yes           yes

Then run: 

tux > sudo virsh net-destroy vnet_isolated
Network vnet_isolated destroyed

13.2.2.6 Removing a Network

 

To remove the definition of an inactive network from VM Host Server permanently, run: 

tux > sudo virsh net-undefine vnet_isolated
Network vnet_isolated has been undefined